伊朗正将目光投向南部港口之外,寻求贸易和进口的替代路线。陆上走廊能否抵消海上封锁对伊朗的影响?以美国为首的海上封锁针对伊朗港口,已严重扰乱其南部港口的贸易,但也在加速德黑兰此前讨论过的一项战略,即让更多商业贸易通过北部港口、铁路和陆上走廊进行。
经济部长阿里·马达尼扎德在访问莫斯科与俄罗斯官员会谈时表示,伊朗应激活其北部边境,并将相当大一部分进出口从该国南部海上路线转移出去。这个想法很直接。伊朗有七个陆上邻国,可通往里海,并有多条路线将其与俄罗斯、中亚、土耳其、伊拉克、巴基斯坦和高加索地区连接起来。从理论上讲,这使德黑兰拥有比一个依赖单一海上通道的国家更多的选择。问题在于,这些路线是否有足够运力来替代海上正在失去的份额。
伊朗的南部港口,比如图中所示的阿巴斯港,传统上承担了该国海运贸易的大部分。北方路线则提供了扩展空间。总部位于伦敦的政治经济评论员阿里雷扎·萨拉瓦蒂告诉德国之声,伊朗确实拥有未利用的运力。他说:“伊朗的回旋余地比其依赖南部港口所显示的要大。”
伊朗当局在2025年底表示,该国北部港口的 nominal 年吞吐能力超过3000万吨,而实际使用量不到三分之一。这表明通过里海运输更多粮食、食品和普通货物的空间仍然存在。
土耳其提供了通往欧洲的另一条路线。伊朗与土耳其之间的铁路货运部分依赖横跨凡湖的火车轮渡,该轮渡在2024年运送了约47.7万吨货物。
他说,在东北方向,萨拉赫斯和因切赫布伦通过土库曼斯坦连接伊朗与中亚、俄罗斯以及潜在的中国。在西北方向,阿斯塔拉是国际南北运输走廊的一部分,将伊朗与阿塞拜疆和俄罗斯连接起来。
The Astara freight terminal is designed for 3.5 to 4 million tons a year, but handled only about 345,000 tons in the first five months of 2026. The unfinished Rasht-Astara rail link remains an important bottleneck. For specific goods, these routes matter. Grain from Russia and Kazakhstan, medicines, industrial inputs and regional trade can be redirected more easily than crude oil. Freight trains are a key part of Iran's efforts to expand trade through overland routes Volume is the main obstacle Jafar Ghaderi, a member of Iranian parliament's Economic Commission, recently said that 83% of what he described as Iran's 210 million tons of imports had traditionally moved through southern maritime borders, a tremendous volume of goods."Whenever we are under a maritime blockade, we face problems," hhe said. "How much capacity do our eastern, western and northern corridors actually have?" The cost difference is also large. Majidreza Hariri, head of the Iran-China Chamber of Commerce, said shipping one container from China to Iran through southern ports costs about $3,000 (€2,580), and that moving the same container overland costs roughly $12,000. With around 2 million containers entering through the south annually, Hariri estimated that a prolonged shift to land routes could add about $18 billion to Iran's trading costs. Salavati said the physical arithmetic helps explain why. A 50,000-ton shipload would require around 2,000 truck journeys if each lorry carried 25 tons. Those trucks would then be unavailable for domestic distribution, while longer journeys increase fuel, insurance, warehousing and border costs. Low-value goods are particularly vulnerable because transport expenses account for a larger share of their final price. Maritime cargo volumes are difficult to replicate via rail and road corridors Energy is much harder to reroute Umud Shokri, an energy strategist and senior visiting fellow at George Mason University, said Iranian officials are often discussing two different kinds of alternatives. One involves alternative navigation lanes around Hormuz. The other involves shifting trade toward Pakistan, Iraq, Turkey, the Caspian region, Jask and Chabahar. Neither provides a full substitute for southern energy exports A large crude tanker can carry roughly 1.5 to 2 million barrels. Replicating that volume by road would require thousands of tanker trucks. Rail is more efficient, but still cannot match the cost, speed or scale of maritime transport.巴基斯坦可以帮助通过卡拉奇、卡西姆港和瓜达尔转运进口货物。伊拉克可以支持区域贸易和有限的燃料流通。里海航线可以将伊朗与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和阿塞拜疆连接起来。但没有任何一条路线能够替代对亚洲买家的大规模原油运输。
“因此,该计划作为一项韧性战略是现实的,但作为替代战略则不现实,”肖克里对德国之声表示。有多少石油正在通过霍尔木兹海峡?
要观看此视频,请考虑升级到支持HTML5视频的网页浏览器。贾斯克输油管道展现出潜力与局限。戈尔赫-贾斯克输油管道的修建专门是为了通过将原油输送至阿曼湾来减少伊朗对霍尔木兹海峡的依赖。这使贾斯克比大多数陆上走廊具有更大的战略重要性。但肖克里表示,实际可用产能一直远低于该项目最初的雄心。
教训在于,建设管道并不等同于建立一个运转正常的出口体系。储存、终端、买家、保险、安保和金融结算都必须协同运作。固定基础设施在战时也会制造新的脆弱性。
能源基础设施可以提升韧性,但管道等固定资产在冲突期间也会制造新的脆弱性。一种韧性战略,而非逃生路线。陆上走廊可以帮助伊朗维持基本经济活动。
它们可以运输食品、药品、工业投入品以及部分区域出口产品。它们还可以加深伊朗与俄罗斯、中亚、土耳其、巴基斯坦和伊拉克的经济联系。
如果投资持续,封锁可能会加速德黑兰此前视为长期机遇的基础设施项目。但这些路线成本更高、运力有限,并且有其自身的政治依赖。
对伊朗而言,这意味着封锁可能留下持久的结构性影响,使贸易偏离南部,并让北部和陆路连接变得更加重要。这并不意味着伊朗能够取代海运贸易。
这些走廊可以降低脆弱性、分散风险并争取时间。但它们无法复制波斯湾港口和海运能源出口的规模,而伊朗经济的很大一部分长期依赖于此。编辑:克里斯蒂·普拉德森