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国会山报

党派分歧达到顶峰,但两极却从未如此接近。

表面上看,今天的民主党人和共和党人之间的分歧可能是美国历史上任何时候都更为悬殊。根据皮尤研究中心的数据,80%的美国人认为共和党和民主党的选民“无法就计划、政策或基本事实达成一致”。然而,从更深层次来看,这种日益扩大的政治分歧掩盖了一个更为重要的事实:最激进的左派和右派的声音越来越相似。

这一概念最初被称为“马蹄理论”,它认为在极端情况下,政治上的左派和右派最终会朝向彼此靠拢。

格雷格·伊普在《华尔街日报》撰文中,将这一联盟命名为“马蹄党”。在他看来,领导这一假想政党的是副总统J.D.·万斯( populist right)和纽约市长佐汗·马马迪安(socialist left)。这两人几乎没有什么共同点,除了对自由市场、精英阶层以及政府不应干预市场的深深怀疑。遗憾的是,这种趋同现象远远超出了伊普的假想政党。

特朗普总统指示政府持有私人公司的股份,这一立场传统上是共和党所反对的。去年,参议员伯尼·桑德斯和乔什·霍利联手共同发起一项旨在限制信用卡利率的法案——这一政策起源于特朗普。众议的配套法案由亚历山大·欧卡西奥-科尔扎斯和安娜·保丽娜·露娜共同提出,她们共同撰写了一本儿童书籍,暗示前总统拜登在2020年大选中作弊,并自称为“极端的保胎主义者”。同样,参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦和伯尼·莫雷诺联手提出提高高收入者税率的方案。本月,桑德斯和史蒂夫·波顿共同主持了一场呼吁限制人工智能的会议。

这种趋同现象并不仅限于政治人物。托克·卡尔森——长期以来最有影响力的保守派之一——支持民主党人阿布德尔·埃尔塞德在密歇根州参议院的竞选,超过了特朗普支持的共和党候选人。

也许 nowhere is this convergence more prevalent than on foreign policy, particularly Israel. The Iran war may have fractured the MAGA base — Carlson has said Trump should be removed from office — but on Israel, one would find it impossible to discern whether a criticism was voiced by Carlson, Candace Owens, former Rep. Marjorie Taylor Green, or Reps. Rashida Tlaib, Ocasio-Cortez, Ro Khanna or extreme left-wing commentator Hasan Piker. These camps are not united in pursuit of an overarching political direction — they agree on what they are against far more than what they are for. Instead, they’re tied together by anger towards common elites, foreign countries and big corporations which they feel have rigged the system. Trump’s own rise is both a symptom and a result of this sentiment. As one well-known policy analyst wrote, “Trump has re-educated, or mis-educated a lot of Republican voters into thinking everything is rigged. It’s how Bernie Sanders thinks about the economy.” Both parties’ establishments bear some responsibility. The bipartisan center presided over a period of globalization that devastated American communities, wars that cost tremendous blood and treasure and an economy whose gains too often failed to reach working families. It was also too slow to change course when voters demanded it. Acknowledging these failures does not make the Horseshoe Party’s policies any less dangerous. Capping interest rates would choke off credit working families depend on. Abandoning Israel would not make America richer or safer. And stopping AI development, rather than regulating it responsibly, would cede leadership of this critical technology to China. To be sure, political realignments do periodically occur, and neither extreme currently commands a majority. Pew’s Political typology finds that the most progressive bloc makes up just 7 percent of the electorate, while its counterpart on the right ranges between 9 and 12 percent.然而,随着两党日益背离中间路线,候选人纷纷向其最直言不讳、最极端的选民基础靠拢。结果,那些在十年前会被视为丧失竞选资格的言论或政策,如今却让候选人获得提名,并将这些观点推向主流。

这让我们不得不展望2028年。虽然政治能量集中在两极,但决定总统大选胜负的选票目前仍掌握在中间派手中。谁能通过切实可行的方案,解决最初将美国人推向极端立场的合理诉求,谁就能在关键时刻赢得选票。

换句话说,如果有一位候选人能够承诺在海外保持克制,同时又不采取退缩或抛弃盟友的政策,或者能在不实施价格管制或政府经营杂货店的情况下解决负担能力危机,那么他将比单纯的民粹主义者更具竞争力。

然而,目前两党都没有这样的候选人。万斯将自己的未来押注在成为特朗普民粹主义的继承者并将其发扬光大上。对于民主党而言,前副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯和加利福尼亚州州长加文·纽森试图展现务实形象,但往往在辩论中向进步派妥协。

归根结底,极端主义的汇合是因为旧的中间路线已经失败。美国的工作岗位流向海外,国债不断膨胀,而工资的购买力似乎每个月都在缩水。

如果温和派民主党人或共和党人不能通过提供可靠的解决方案——既不带有建制派的自满,也不带有民粹主义者的愤怒——来夺回中间阵地,选民将继续被推向极端,而我们的国家也将陷入更加糟糕的境地。

道格拉斯·E·肖恩和卡莉·库珀曼是民意调查专家,也是总部位于纽约的民意调查公司肖恩·库珀曼研究公司的合伙人。他们是《团结或死亡》一书的合著者。