一场东北风暴正在美国东海岸增强，这可能会给数百万人带来强降雨、洪水和强阵风。
A nor'easter is strengthening along the East Coast—threatening to bring heavy rain, flooding, and strong wind gusts to millions of people.
沿海洪水已经影响了弗吉尼亚州和北卡罗来纳州的部分地区，预计部分地区的阵风将达到每小时50英里。这场风暴可能会在新泽西州和长岛之间的海岸附近停滞，从而延长该地区的强风、降雨和沿海洪水，使新泽西州北部、纽约市、长岛和新英格兰南部面临该风暴最强烈的风、最猛烈的雨和沿海洪水。降雨预计最早将于周五傍晚开始，并可能持续整个周末。
Coastal flooding has already affected portions of Virginia and North Carolina, and wind gusts of up to 50 mph are expected in some areas. The storm could stall near the coast between New Jersey and Long Island, prolonging strong winds, rain, and coastal flooding in the area—leaving northern New Jersey, New York City, Long Island, and southern New England facing some of the storm's strongest winds, heaviest rain, and coastal flooding. Rain is expected to start as early as Friday evening and could continue throughout the weekend.
宾夕法尼亚大学气候科学与气候变化教授迈克尔·曼恩表示：“这场东北风暴之所以极具破坏力，部分原因在于它移动缓慢，可能会形成巨大的风暴潮。”什么是东北风暴？
“This nor'easter is shaping up to be impactful in part because it will be slow moving, potentially building up a large storm surge,” says Michael Mann, professor of climate science and climate change at the University of Pennsylvania.
这类风暴因从东北方向吹来的风而得名，通常会影响美国和加拿大的东海岸，并带来降雨或降雪。它们在一年中的任何时间都可能发生，但在9月至次年4月期间最为常见。
What is a nor'easter? Named for the winds that blow in from the northeast, the storms typically impact the east coast of the U.S. and Canada, and bring either rain or snow. They can come at any time of the year but are most common between September and April.
曼恩说：“东北风暴和飓风一样，其部分能量来自海洋的热量。”然而，与飓风不同的是，东北风暴通常拥有寒冷的内核，并且在一个地区停留的时间可能比飓风更长。
“A nor’easter, like a hurricane, derives some of its energy from the heat of the ocean,” says Mann. However, unlike hurricanes, nor’easters tend to have cold cores, and can linger over an area longer than a hurricane might.
东北风暴已经在美国造成了数以十亿美元计的损失。令人记忆深刻的东北风暴包括1978年2月的新英格兰暴风雪、1993年3月的“超级风暴”以及最近2015年1月和2月的波士顿暴风雪。气候变化正在如何改变东北风暴？
Nor’easters have been responsible for billions of dollars in damage in the U.S. Memorable nor’easter storms include the New England Blizzard of February 1978, the March 1993 “Superstorm” and the recent Boston snowstorms of January and February 2015. How are nor'easters changing due to climate change?
科学家对于气候变化如何影响东北风暴（Nor'easters）仍未能完全厘清。“关于东北风暴及其他领域的变化，有些结论我们可以确信，但仍有部分机制我们尚在逐步理解之中，”马萨诸塞大学洛厄尔分校气候科学教授马修·巴洛（Mathew Barlow）表示。
Scientists are still not 100% clear about how nor’easters are changing due to climate change. “There are things we can say with confidence about changes in nor'easters and other areas that we're still coming to an understanding about,” says Mathew Barlow, professor of climate science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell.
如果有一件事是明确的，那就是日益强烈的东北风暴正变得更加极端——它们带来了更多的降水和更强的风力。这可能导致更严重的风暴潮、沿海洪涝以及风灾破坏。
If there’s one thing that’s clear, it’s that the more intense nor’easters are becoming more extreme—bringing with them more rainfall and stronger winds. That can lead to more storm surges, coastal flooding, and wind damage.
曼恩（Mann）指出：“人为导致的变暖正在使这些风暴的总降水量增加。”这也是极端天气普遍呈现出的日益常见的趋势。随着人为气候变化导致大气升温，大气能够容纳更多的水汽——并在降雨时释放更多的降水。
“Human-caused warming is leading to higher precipitation totals with these storms,” says Mann. And it’s something that’s becoming increasingly common with extreme weather generally. As human-caused climate change warms our atmosphere, it allows it to hold more moisture—and release more precipitation when it rains.
巴洛说：“并非每一场风暴都在增强，但那些强烈的风暴正在变得更强——无论是雷暴、飓风，还是这类东北风暴。”
“Not every storm is becoming more intense, but the intense storms are becoming more intense—whether that be a thunderstorm, a hurricane, one of these nor'easters,” Barlow says.
巴洛补充道，似乎没有发生变化的一个方面是风暴的数量。“我们没有看到整体平均值有任何变化，而且风暴的总数可能实际上略有下降，”他指出。
One thing that doesn’t seem to be changing is the number of storms, Barlow adds. “We're not seeing any changes in the overall average, and the total number of storms might actually be going down a little bit,” he notes.
在一个不断变暖的世界里，风暴只会继续增强。气候变化正在增加美国每年发生的“十亿美元级灾难”的数量，即造成至少10亿美元损失的灾害。十亿美元级灾难之间的平均间隔时间已经缩短——从20世纪80年代的82天，缩短到过去10年的16天。2025年，美国平均每10天就会经历一次十亿美元级的天气或气候灾难。
In an ever warming world, storms are only going to continue to intensify. Climate change is increasing the number of “billion dollar disasters,” disasters that top at least $1 billion in damage, that take place in the U.S. each year. The average length of time between billion-dollar disasters has fallen—from 82 days during the 1980s to 16 days during the last 10 years. In 2025, the U.S. experienced a billion-dollar weather or climate disaster once every 10 days.
巴洛表示：“只要我们不停止向大气中排放温室气体，降雨的强度、这些风暴的强度就会继续增加。”“只要我们不停止让情况恶化，情况就会持续恶化。”
“Until we stop increasing the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the intensity of rainfall, the intensity of these storms, will continue to increase as well,” says Barlow. “Until we stop making things worse, things are going to keep getting worse.”