根据一项新的研究，海上风力发电场会减弱陆基雷达系统的探测范围，从而使得某些目标更难以被发现。
Offshore wind farms can reduce the coverage of shore-based radar systems and create areas where targets become harder to detect, according to a new study.
研究人员发现，在5公里（3英里）的范围内，雷达的有效探测范围减少了6.9%，而“盲区”（即雷达无法探测到的区域）增加了14.9%。
The researchers found that at a range of 5km (3 miles), effective radar coverage fell by 6.9 per cent while blind spots increased by 14.9 per cent.
这项研究由青岛科技大学的刘尊年教授及其团队与交通运输部下属的北海航海安全中心烟台通信中心共同完成，并于上个月发表在同行评审的中文期刊《无线电工程》上。
The research, published online last month in the peer-reviewed Chinese journal Radio Engineering, was conducted by Professor Liu Zunnian and his team from Qingdao Technological University and the Yantai Communication Centre of the Beihai Navigation Security Centre under the Ministry of Transport.
研究指出，大规模的风力涡轮机阵列会通过反射雷达信号产生虚假的“伪目标”，这可能干扰对沿海水域内船只的探测。
The team found that large arrays of wind turbines could produce false “ghost” targets through reflected radar signals, potentially complicating the detection of vessels in coastal waters.
“风力涡轮机本身就是一个巨大的金属物体，因此必然会干扰雷达信号，”一位要求匿名的军事装备专家表示。这位专家并未参与该研究，他补充说：“这个问题并非中国独有，英国早在几十年前就对此进行了研究。”
“A wind turbine is itself a huge metal object, so it will inevitably interfere with radar signals,” said a military equipment expert who asked to remain anonymous due to the sensitivity of the matter. The expert – who was not involved in the study – said the problem was not unique to China and had been studied in Britain for decades.
“其他国家也面临同样的问题，”这位专家指出，“由于这一问题很早就被发现了，因此中国的大部分海上风电项目（尤其是2004年之后建设的项目）在规划阶段就应该考虑到雷达干扰的影响。”
“Foreign countries have faced the same problem,” the expert said, adding that because the issue had been identified relatively early, offshore wind projects in China - most of which were built after 2004 - should in principle have taken radar interference into account at the planning stage.
据全球风能理事会的数据，截至2025年底，中国的海上风电装机容量已达48.4吉瓦，占全球总装机容量的约52%。中国一直在沿海地区和港口附近快速推进海上风电产业的发展。
China’s offshore wind projects would probably need to be assessed in relation to military radar coverage or kept away from areas designated as restricted zones, the expert argued.
仅2025年，中国就新增了6.6吉瓦的海上风电装机容量，这标志着中国连续第八年成为全球海上风电新增装机量的领先者。
China has been rapidly expanding offshore wind power capacity near coastal areas and ports. It had 48.4 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity installed by the end of 2025, accounting for about 52 per cent of global capacity, according to the Global Wind Energy Council.
研究人员在中国东部的山东省进行了这项模拟实验。该地区拥有中国最重要的港口群：青岛港是北方地区及黄河流域贸易的重要枢纽，而烟台则是与中国非洲地区进行贸易的主要港口，同时还是连接东北亚与中国内陆地区的物流中心。从这些港口出发的船舶可能会受到海上风电场的影响。
China added 6.6GW of offshore wind capacity in 2025 alone, marking the eighth consecutive year it led the world in new offshore installations. The researchers ran their simulation in Shandong province, eastern China’s most vital port region. Here, the port of Qingdao acts as a key gateway for trade in northern China and the Yellow River region, while Yantai is a major hub for trade with Africa and a logistics link between northeast Asia and the Chinese interior.
美国的研究人员也研究了类似的现象。美国国家科学院在2022年发布的一份报告中指出，风力涡轮机可能对船舶雷达系统造成的主要问题包括雷达信号受到干扰、出现“雷达阴影”以及检测结果模糊不清。
Ships operating from these ports could be affected by the presence of offshore wind farms. Similar effects have also been studied by US researchers. A 2022 report by the National Academies identified reflected clutter, radar shadows and ambiguous detections as the main problems that wind turbines could create for marine vessel radars.
在他们的建模过程中，刘及其团队使用了一台工作频率为9.46吉赫兹的X波段岸基监控雷达，并将风力涡轮机模拟为高度为120米（394英尺）、叶片长度约为100米的设施。通过这些模拟，他们能够评估风电场建成前后雷达信号的检测范围、无法被检测到的区域以及出现“虚假目标”的区域的变化情况。
For their modelling, Liu and his team used an X-band shore-based surveillance radar operating at 9.46 gigahertz, and represented the wind turbines as 120 metre (394 feet) towers with blades about 100 metres long. This allowed them to assess changes in detectable, undetectable and ghost-target areas after a wind farm was introduced.
研究发现，风力涡轮机对雷达系统的主要干扰机制包括：信号被遮挡、信号发生衍射以及多路径反射。这些因素会导致雷达信号减弱；同时，反射信号还会产生虚假的雷达回波。
The main mechanisms identified were obstruction, diffraction loss and multi-path reflections, with turbines weakening radar signals behind the array while reflected signals generated false returns.
仅依靠距离并不能准确判断干扰程度——即使将观测距离从5公里增加到20公里（且观测角度为90度），干扰程度也没有显著降低；在20公里时，虚假雷达回波的比例甚至达到了4.5%。
Distance alone was not a reliable measure of interference, as increasing the distance from 5km to 20km at a 90-degree angle did not steadily reduce ghost interference, which reached a peak of 4.5 per cent at 20km. At an existing radar site modelled in the study, located 5km from the wind farm at a 90-degree angle, radar coverage fell by 3.3 per cent while the undetectable area increased by 0.4 per cent.
在研究中模拟的一个实际雷达站点案例中，当雷达站距离风电场5公里且观测角度为90度时，雷达的覆盖范围减少了3.3%，而无法被检测到的区域则增加了0.4%。
Liu said the main engineering measures included careful site selection, avoiding long rows of turbines along a radar’s main line of sight, improving radar algorithms to suppress clutter and false echoes, and deploying supplementary radars where coverage gaps could not be avoided.
刘某表示，主要工程措施包括审慎选址、避免在雷达主视线方向上布置长排风机、改进雷达算法以抑制杂波和虚假回波，以及在无法避免覆盖盲区的地方部署补充雷达。
“There is no need to use distance as the only criterion for avoiding interference,” the expert said, adding that advances in radar technology could also reduce the practical impact of wind farms.
“避免干扰不必以距离作为唯一标准，”该专家补充道，雷达技术的进步也能降低风电场的实际影响。
“China’s radar technology is at an advanced level worldwide,” he added, citing the use of dual-band radars on Chinese naval vessels as well as improvements in electromagnetic compatibility and system integration.
他还表示：“中国的雷达技术处于世界先进水平，”并引用了中国海军舰艇使用双频段雷达，以及电磁兼容性和系统集成方面的改进为例。
“China’s radar technology is at an advanced level worldwide,” he added, citing the use of dual-band radars on Chinese naval vessels as well as improvements in electromagnetic compatibility and system integration.
“兼容性和集成度在一定程度上与抗干扰能力密切相关。兼容性和集成度越好，抗干扰的基础就越坚实。”他还提到，中国已研制出利用海面电磁波传播的新型雷达系统，受风机遮挡影响较小，尽管该研究未对这类系统进行评估。
“Compatibility and integration are closely related to anti-interference capability to some extent. The better the compatibility and integration, the stronger the foundation for anti-interference.” He also said China had developed newer radar systems that used electromagnetic-wave propagation over the sea and could be less affected by turbine obstruction, although such systems were not assessed in the study.
刘某及其团队承认，他们的模型尚未考虑复杂天气、动态海况或不同风机设计等因素。
Liu and his team acknowledged that their model did not yet account for complex weather, dynamic sea conditions or different turbine designs.