苹果放弃 Copland 项目三十年后，这款注定失败的现代 Mac 操作系统尝试，如今有了新的模拟器，让你能在浏览器中体验最终的开发者构建版本。Copland 旨在取代苹果的 System 7，打造一个基于微内核、受保护内存和系统服务抢占式多任务处理的 PowerPC 原生操作系统。目前公开已知的有三个未完成的开发者构建版本——D7E1、D9 和 D11E4。在 1990 年代中期，苹果开发者社区之外极少有人有机会使用它们。现在，你可以在浏览器中启动 Apple Copland D11E4，无需安装任何东西即可探索这个不稳定的预发布操作系统。
Thirty years after Apple abandoned Copland, its doomed attempt to create a modern Mac operating system, a new emulator lets you try the final developer build in your browser. Copland was intended to replace Apple's System 7 with a PowerPC-native operating system built around a microkernel, protected memory, and preemptive multitasking for system services. Three unfinished developer builds – D7E1, D9, and D11E4 – are publicly known. Relatively few people outside Apple's developer community in the mid-1990s ever had the opportunity to use them. Now you can boot Apple Copland D11E4 in your browser and explore the unstable prerelease OS without installing anything. Developer Michael Steil, also known as Mist, made it possible with an experimental fork of the DingusPPC Power Mac emulator. Steil says the 11 patches that enable DingusPPC to boot Copland were written with AI assistance. The upstream project does not accept AI-assisted patches, so the fixes would have to be rewritten before they could be incorporated. Don't expect miracles. The emulator runs D11E4, the final build Apple distributed to developers, dating from June 1996. It remains very much unfinished: if the emulated system hits an assertion, it drops into a debugger and asks the user to continue manually. Apple CEO Gil Amelio had demonstrated Copland at the company's 1995 Worldwide Developers Conference, but the project never approached the stability required for release. Much of Copland existed as plans and documentation rather than finished code. In 2009, Steil assembled an extensive archive of that material in Apple Copland Reference Documentation. There was also a planned successor to Copland, codenamed Gershwin, but it remained nothing more than a plan. The modern Gershwin desktop we covered a year ago is a nod to that nonexistent OS. Anyone familiar with the classic Mac OS of the late 1990s will recognize parts of Copland, and for good reason. Copland overran so badly that Amelio recruited the late Ellen Hancock from IBM as Apple's chief technology officer and tasked her with getting the project back on track. After reviewing its progress, she instead recommended cancelling it and acquiring an operating system elsewhere. Apple considered several alternatives, including acquiring Be for BeOS and working with Sun on a system based on Solaris. It ultimately bought NeXT, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company along with NeXTSTEP. Hancock was later sidelined under Jobs and resigned in 1997. Apple acquired NeXT at the end of 1996, just months after cancelling Copland. The first developer release of its NeXTSTEP-based successor, Rhapsody, followed in 1997 – continuing the musical codenames, if not the code. Rhapsody evolved into Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999 and the consumer release of Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. Replacing the Mac OS architecture took years. While that work continued, Apple folded some of Copland's more mature components into updates to its existing operating system. Mac OS 8, released in 1997, gained Copland's Platinum interface and a PowerPC-native, multithreaded Finder. Its Appearance control panel supported themes, although Apple shipped only Platinum. Renaming what had been planned as Mac OS 7.7 also helped Apple end the clone program, whose licensing agreements covered System 7. Mac OS 8.1 followed in 1998 with HFS+, Apple's new format for larger disks. Later that year, Mac OS 8.5 became the first PowerPC-only release. Further pieces of Copland's work appeared across Mac OS 8 and 9, allowing Apple to improve the old platform while Mac OS X was being prepared. When Apple bought NeXT, NeXTSTEP already ran on Motorola 680x0, Intel x86, Sun SPARC and HP PA-RISC processors. That portable foundation later helped Apple move the Mac to Intel, while OS X became the basis for the operating systems used by the iPhone and iPad. Apple's future might have looked very different had Copland succeeded. Now it's easier than ever to see why it didn't. ®
开发者 Michael Steil（也被称为 Mist）通过 DingusPPC Power Mac 模拟器的一个实验性分支使此成为可能。Steil 表示，使 DingusPPC 能够启动 Copland 的 11 个补丁是在 AI 协助下编写的。上游项目不接受 AI 协助编写的补丁，因此这些修复必须重写后才能被合并。不要期待奇迹。模拟器运行的是 D11E4，即苹果分发给开发者的最终构建版本，日期为 1996 年 6 月。它仍然非常不完善：如果模拟系统触发断言，会进入调试器并要求用户手动继续。
Thirty years after Apple abandoned Copland, its doomed attempt to create a modern Mac operating system, a new emulator lets you try the final developer build in your browser. Copland was intended to replace Apple's System 7 with a PowerPC-native operating system built around a microkernel, protected memory, and preemptive multitasking for system services. Three unfinished developer builds – D7E1, D9, and D11E4 – are publicly known. Relatively few people outside Apple's developer community in the mid-1990s ever had the opportunity to use them. Now you can boot Apple Copland D11E4 in your browser and explore the unstable prerelease OS without installing anything. Developer Michael Steil, also known as Mist, made it possible with an experimental fork of the DingusPPC Power Mac emulator. Steil says the 11 patches that enable DingusPPC to boot Copland were written with AI assistance. The upstream project does not accept AI-assisted patches, so the fixes would have to be rewritten before they could be incorporated. Don't expect miracles. The emulator runs D11E4, the final build Apple distributed to developers, dating from June 1996. It remains very much unfinished: if the emulated system hits an assertion, it drops into a debugger and asks the user to continue manually. Apple CEO Gil Amelio had demonstrated Copland at the company's 1995 Worldwide Developers Conference, but the project never approached the stability required for release. Much of Copland existed as plans and documentation rather than finished code. In 2009, Steil assembled an extensive archive of that material in Apple Copland Reference Documentation. There was also a planned successor to Copland, codenamed Gershwin, but it remained nothing more than a plan. The modern Gershwin desktop we covered a year ago is a nod to that nonexistent OS. Anyone familiar with the classic Mac OS of the late 1990s will recognize parts of Copland, and for good reason. Copland overran so badly that Amelio recruited the late Ellen Hancock from IBM as Apple's chief technology officer and tasked her with getting the project back on track. After reviewing its progress, she instead recommended cancelling it and acquiring an operating system elsewhere. Apple considered several alternatives, including acquiring Be for BeOS and working with Sun on a system based on Solaris. It ultimately bought NeXT, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company along with NeXTSTEP. Hancock was later sidelined under Jobs and resigned in 1997. Apple acquired NeXT at the end of 1996, just months after cancelling Copland. The first developer release of its NeXTSTEP-based successor, Rhapsody, followed in 1997 – continuing the musical codenames, if not the code. Rhapsody evolved into Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999 and the consumer release of Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. Replacing the Mac OS architecture took years. While that work continued, Apple folded some of Copland's more mature components into updates to its existing operating system. Mac OS 8, released in 1997, gained Copland's Platinum interface and a PowerPC-native, multithreaded Finder. Its Appearance control panel supported themes, although Apple shipped only Platinum. Renaming what had been planned as Mac OS 7.7 also helped Apple end the clone program, whose licensing agreements covered System 7. Mac OS 8.1 followed in 1998 with HFS+, Apple's new format for larger disks. Later that year, Mac OS 8.5 became the first PowerPC-only release. Further pieces of Copland's work appeared across Mac OS 8 and 9, allowing Apple to improve the old platform while Mac OS X was being prepared. When Apple bought NeXT, NeXTSTEP already ran on Motorola 680x0, Intel x86, Sun SPARC and HP PA-RISC processors. That portable foundation later helped Apple move the Mac to Intel, while OS X became the basis for the operating systems used by the iPhone and iPad. Apple's future might have looked very different had Copland succeeded. Now it's easier than ever to see why it didn't. ®
苹果 CEO 吉尔·阿梅利奥曾在 1995 年的全球开发者大会上演示过 Copland，但该项目从未达到发布所需的稳定性。Copland 的大部分内容仅存在于计划和文档中，而非成品代码。2009 年，Steil 整理了大量这些材料，汇编成《Apple Copland Reference Documentation》。还有一个计划中的 Copland 继任者，代号 Gershwin，但它始终只是一个计划。我们一年前报道的现代 Gershwin 桌面，是对那个不存在的操作系统的一种致敬。熟悉 1990 年代末经典 Mac OS 的人会认出 Copland 的许多部分，这是有原因的。
Thirty years after Apple abandoned Copland, its doomed attempt to create a modern Mac operating system, a new emulator lets you try the final developer build in your browser. Copland was intended to replace Apple's System 7 with a PowerPC-native operating system built around a microkernel, protected memory, and preemptive multitasking for system services. Three unfinished developer builds – D7E1, D9, and D11E4 – are publicly known. Relatively few people outside Apple's developer community in the mid-1990s ever had the opportunity to use them. Now you can boot Apple Copland D11E4 in your browser and explore the unstable prerelease OS without installing anything. Developer Michael Steil, also known as Mist, made it possible with an experimental fork of the DingusPPC Power Mac emulator. Steil says the 11 patches that enable DingusPPC to boot Copland were written with AI assistance. The upstream project does not accept AI-assisted patches, so the fixes would have to be rewritten before they could be incorporated. Don't expect miracles. The emulator runs D11E4, the final build Apple distributed to developers, dating from June 1996. It remains very much unfinished: if the emulated system hits an assertion, it drops into a debugger and asks the user to continue manually. Apple CEO Gil Amelio had demonstrated Copland at the company's 1995 Worldwide Developers Conference, but the project never approached the stability required for release. Much of Copland existed as plans and documentation rather than finished code. In 2009, Steil assembled an extensive archive of that material in Apple Copland Reference Documentation. There was also a planned successor to Copland, codenamed Gershwin, but it remained nothing more than a plan. The modern Gershwin desktop we covered a year ago is a nod to that nonexistent OS. Anyone familiar with the classic Mac OS of the late 1990s will recognize parts of Copland, and for good reason. Copland overran so badly that Amelio recruited the late Ellen Hancock from IBM as Apple's chief technology officer and tasked her with getting the project back on track. After reviewing its progress, she instead recommended cancelling it and acquiring an operating system elsewhere. Apple considered several alternatives, including acquiring Be for BeOS and working with Sun on a system based on Solaris. It ultimately bought NeXT, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company along with NeXTSTEP. Hancock was later sidelined under Jobs and resigned in 1997. Apple acquired NeXT at the end of 1996, just months after cancelling Copland. The first developer release of its NeXTSTEP-based successor, Rhapsody, followed in 1997 – continuing the musical codenames, if not the code. Rhapsody evolved into Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999 and the consumer release of Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. Replacing the Mac OS architecture took years. While that work continued, Apple folded some of Copland's more mature components into updates to its existing operating system. Mac OS 8, released in 1997, gained Copland's Platinum interface and a PowerPC-native, multithreaded Finder. Its Appearance control panel supported themes, although Apple shipped only Platinum. Renaming what had been planned as Mac OS 7.7 also helped Apple end the clone program, whose licensing agreements covered System 7. Mac OS 8.1 followed in 1998 with HFS+, Apple's new format for larger disks. Later that year, Mac OS 8.5 became the first PowerPC-only release. Further pieces of Copland's work appeared across Mac OS 8 and 9, allowing Apple to improve the old platform while Mac OS X was being prepared. When Apple bought NeXT, NeXTSTEP already ran on Motorola 680x0, Intel x86, Sun SPARC and HP PA-RISC processors. That portable foundation later helped Apple move the Mac to Intel, while OS X became the basis for the operating systems used by the iPhone and iPad. Apple's future might have looked very different had Copland succeeded. Now it's easier than ever to see why it didn't. ®
Copland 项目严重失控，以至于 Amelio 从 IBM 挖来已故的 Ellen Hancock 担任苹果首席技术官，负责让项目重回正轨。在审查了项目进展后，她反而建议取消该项目，并另行收购一个操作系统。苹果考虑了多个备选方案，包括收购 Be 公司以获得 BeOS，以及与 Sun 合作开发基于 Solaris 的系统。最终苹果收购了 NeXT，这让 Steve Jobs 随 NeXTSTEP 一同重返公司。后来在 Jobs 手下被边缘化的 Hancock 于 1997 年辞职。苹果于 1996 年底收购 NeXT，仅在取消 Copland 几个月后。其基于 NeXTSTEP 的继任者 Rhapsody 首个开发者版本于 1997 年发布——延续了音乐代号的传统，哪怕代码没延续下来。Rhapsody 于 1999 年演变为 Mac OS X Server 1.0，并于 2001 年推出面向消费者的 Mac OS X 10.0。替换 Mac OS 架构耗时数年。在此期间，苹果将 Copland 中一些较成熟的组件整合进现有操作系统的更新中。1997 年发布的 Mac OS 8 获得了 Copland 的 Platinum 界面和原生 PowerPC、多线程的 Finder。其“外观”控制面板支持主题，尽管苹果仅随附了 Platinum。将原计划命名为 Mac OS 7.7 的版本更名为 Mac OS 8，也帮助苹果终止了克隆授权计划，因为其授权协议仅涵盖 System 7。1998 年推出的 Mac OS 8.1 引入 HFS+，这是苹果面向更大容量磁盘的新格式。同年晚些时候，Mac OS 8.5 成为首个仅支持 PowerPC 的版本。Copland 的更多成果散落在 Mac OS 8 和 9 的各个版本中，让苹果在筹备 Mac OS X 的同时得以改进旧平台。苹果收购 NeXT 时，NeXTSTEP 已可在 Motorola 680x0、Intel x86、Sun SPARC 和 HP PA-RISC 处理器上运行。这一可移植的基础后来助力苹果将 Mac 迁移至 Intel，而 OS X 则成为 iPhone 和 iPad 所用操作系统的基石。若 Copland 成功，苹果的未来或许会截然不同。现在，人们比以往任何时候都更容易明白它为何没能成功。®
Thirty years after Apple abandoned Copland, its doomed attempt to create a modern Mac operating system, a new emulator lets you try the final developer build in your browser. Copland was intended to replace Apple's System 7 with a PowerPC-native operating system built around a microkernel, protected memory, and preemptive multitasking for system services. Three unfinished developer builds – D7E1, D9, and D11E4 – are publicly known. Relatively few people outside Apple's developer community in the mid-1990s ever had the opportunity to use them. Now you can boot Apple Copland D11E4 in your browser and explore the unstable prerelease OS without installing anything. Developer Michael Steil, also known as Mist, made it possible with an experimental fork of the DingusPPC Power Mac emulator. Steil says the 11 patches that enable DingusPPC to boot Copland were written with AI assistance. The upstream project does not accept AI-assisted patches, so the fixes would have to be rewritten before they could be incorporated. Don't expect miracles. The emulator runs D11E4, the final build Apple distributed to developers, dating from June 1996. It remains very much unfinished: if the emulated system hits an assertion, it drops into a debugger and asks the user to continue manually. Apple CEO Gil Amelio had demonstrated Copland at the company's 1995 Worldwide Developers Conference, but the project never approached the stability required for release. Much of Copland existed as plans and documentation rather than finished code. In 2009, Steil assembled an extensive archive of that material in Apple Copland Reference Documentation. There was also a planned successor to Copland, codenamed Gershwin, but it remained nothing more than a plan. The modern Gershwin desktop we covered a year ago is a nod to that nonexistent OS. Anyone familiar with the classic Mac OS of the late 1990s will recognize parts of Copland, and for good reason. Copland overran so badly that Amelio recruited the late Ellen Hancock from IBM as Apple's chief technology officer and tasked her with getting the project back on track. After reviewing its progress, she instead recommended cancelling it and acquiring an operating system elsewhere. Apple considered several alternatives, including acquiring Be for BeOS and working with Sun on a system based on Solaris. It ultimately bought NeXT, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company along with NeXTSTEP. Hancock was later sidelined under Jobs and resigned in 1997. Apple acquired NeXT at the end of 1996, just months after cancelling Copland. The first developer release of its NeXTSTEP-based successor, Rhapsody, followed in 1997 – continuing the musical codenames, if not the code. Rhapsody evolved into Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999 and the consumer release of Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. Replacing the Mac OS architecture took years. While that work continued, Apple folded some of Copland's more mature components into updates to its existing operating system. Mac OS 8, released in 1997, gained Copland's Platinum interface and a PowerPC-native, multithreaded Finder. Its Appearance control panel supported themes, although Apple shipped only Platinum. Renaming what had been planned as Mac OS 7.7 also helped Apple end the clone program, whose licensing agreements covered System 7. Mac OS 8.1 followed in 1998 with HFS+, Apple's new format for larger disks. Later that year, Mac OS 8.5 became the first PowerPC-only release. Further pieces of Copland's work appeared across Mac OS 8 and 9, allowing Apple to improve the old platform while Mac OS X was being prepared. When Apple bought NeXT, NeXTSTEP already ran on Motorola 680x0, Intel x86, Sun SPARC and HP PA-RISC processors. That portable foundation later helped Apple move the Mac to Intel, while OS X became the basis for the operating systems used by the iPhone and iPad. Apple's future might have looked very different had Copland succeeded. Now it's easier than ever to see why it didn't. ®