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美国超级富豪正为中期选举投入数亿美元。来看看迄今为止最大的捐赠者。America's super rich are pouring hundreds of millions into the midterms. See the biggest donors so far.

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亿万富翁和百万富翁正在为11月的中期选举投入巨资。《Business Insider》对美国联邦竞选数据的审查发现,目前已捐赠约8.49亿美元,其中就包括一些全球最富有的人士,如SpaceX首席执行官埃隆·马斯克、沃尔玛继承人吉姆·沃尔顿,以及华尔街金融家杰夫·亚斯。以下是一些捐款额最高的捐助者。

Billionaires and millionaires are spending big money ahead of November's midterm elections. A Business Insider review of federal campaign data found that roughly $849 million has already been donated, including by some of the world's wealthiest individuals, such as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk Walmart heir Jim Walton, and Wall Street financier Jeff Yass.

乔治、亚历克斯和乔纳森·索罗斯:1.033亿美元。2022年的一次活动现场。杰森·奥尔登/彭博社,经由盖蒂图片社。几十年来,金融家乔治·索罗斯一直是美国政坛最大的超级捐助者之一。

Here are some of the biggest names.

如果把他本人、儿子亚历克斯和乔纳森以及与索罗斯家族立场一致的组织都计算在内,截至目前,他们以超过1.033亿美元的捐款额成为中期选举前最大的捐助者群体。

George, Alex, and Jonathan Soros: $103.3 million George Soros is seen during an event in 2022 Jason Alden/Bloomberg via Getty Images For decades, financier George Soros has been one of the biggest megadonors in US politics.

索罗斯旗下的Geosor已向民主行动委员会(Democracy PAC)捐赠6200万美元。该委员会是与民主党结盟的超级政治行动委员会,也是索罗斯用来汇集捐款的渠道。另一个与索罗斯有关联的组织民主基金又向民主行动委员会投入了5000万美元。

If you take into account his donations, those of his sons Alex and Jonathan, and organizations aligned with the Soros family, they are the biggest donors ahead of the midterms at over $103.3 million thus far.

截至目前,乔治·索罗斯本人向民主党参议员竞选委员会和民主党国会竞选委员会直接捐赠了略低于100万美元。这两个机构是民主党负责国会选举的两大全国性机构。

Geosor, which Soros owns, has donated $62 million to Democracy PAC, an allied super PAC that Soros uses as a clearinghouse for donations. The Fund for Democracy, another Soros-aligned group, kicked in another $50 million to Democracy PAC.

亚历克斯·索罗斯于2023年接掌开放社会基金会的领导工作。截至目前,他已直接捐出约12.5万美元,其中最大一笔款项流向由佐治亚州民主党参议员拉斐尔·沃诺克牵头的一个联合筹款委员会。

Directly, George Soros has donated just under $1 million thus far to the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, the Democratic Party's two main national arms for congressional races.

截至目前,乔纳森·索罗斯已直接捐出超过32.5万美元,其中最大一笔款项流向阿拉斯加州和爱荷华州民主党。据彭博社估计,乔治·索罗斯的身家为97亿美元。

Alex Soros, who took over leadership of Soros' Open Society Foundation in 2023, has directly given roughly $125,000 so far, the biggest recipient of which is a joint fundraising committee led by Sen. Raphael Warnock, a Democrat from Georgia.

杰夫·亚斯:9530万美元。亿万富翁杰夫·亚斯是萨斯奎哈纳国际集团的联合创始人。

Alex Soros, who took over leadership of Soros' Open Society Foundation in 2023, has directly given roughly $125,000 so far, the biggest recipient of which is a joint fundraising committee led by Sen. Raphael Warnock, a Democrat from Georgia.

插图由托马斯·富勒/SOPA图片社/LightRocket创作,经盖蒂图片社提供。华尔街资深人士杰夫·亚斯曾自称自由意志主义者,目前已捐出约9260万美元。

Jonathan Soros has directly given over $325,000 thus far, with the largest recipients being the Alaska and Iowa state Democratic Parties.

亚斯捐款最多的受助者是V-PAC(“胜利者,而非受害者”),这是一个支持维韦克·拉马斯瓦米竞选俄亥俄州州长的超级政治行动委员会,亚斯已向其捐款2000万美元。

George Soros is worth an estimated $9.7 billion, per Bloomberg.

亚斯还是支持增长行动俱乐部的忠实支持者。该组织是一个保守派团体,曾与总统唐纳德·特朗普发生冲突。这位亿万富翁已向与该俱乐部有关联的超级政治行动委员会“学校自由基金”捐款1750万美元;该基金支持主张择校的候选人。他还向支持增长行动俱乐部的主要超级政治行动委员会捐款1650万美元。

Jeff Yass: $95.3 million Billionaire Jeff Yass cofounded Susquehanna International Group. Illustration by Thomas Fuller/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images Wall Street veteran Jeff Yass, who has described himself as a libertarian, has donated roughly $92.6 million.

亚斯是萨斯奎哈纳国际集团的联合创始人 recently? No exact source. Need final only. 亚洲国产. Wait paragraph4 exact: "Yass and Susquehanna's stakes in TikTok." "最近,他及其所在的..." Better "他以及萨斯奎哈纳国际集团持有的TikTok股份曾多次让他登上新闻。" It is his and company's stakes, "他本人和公司所持的TikTok股份". Good. Bloomberg estimates... 911亿美元. P5 title. Use "$90.5 million" 9050万美元. Note "just shy of $91 million" 略低于9100万美元. P6. "after his brief falling-out with Trump" likely campaign context, no "闹翻" maybe "不和". "在与特朗普短暂交恶后,马斯克是否会帮助共和党一度尚不确定;期间,特斯拉CEO威胁要另组政党。如今,这个世界首富又重新开始大笔捐款。" "cutting checks" colloquial writing checks; "重新开出支票" but Chinese "慷慨捐款" loses metaphor. "如今,这位世界首富又开始大笔捐款。"

Yass' largest recipient is V-PAC: Victors, Not Victims, a super PAC backing Vivek Ramaswamy's run for Ohio governor, to which he has given $20 million. Yass is also a big supporter of Club for Growth Action, a conservative group that once fought with President Donald Trump. The billionaire has given $17.5 million to the School Freedom Fund, a club-affiliated super PAC that backs candidates who support school choice, and another $16.5 million to the Club for Growth Action, the organization's main super PAC. A cofounder of Susquehanna International Group, Yass has been in the news for his and Susquehanna's stakes in TikTok. Bloomberg estimates Yass, the richest person in Pennsylvania, to be worth $91.1 billion. Elon Musk: $90.5 million Bloomberg/Getty Images SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has donated just shy of $91 million. It once seemed uncertain whether Musk would help the Republican Party after his brief falling-out with Trump, during which the Tesla CEO threatened to start his own party Now, the world's richest person is back to cutting checks. Musk's largest recipient is America PAC, a super PAC he helped start, to which the billionaire has given over $50 million ahead of the midterms. He's also given $10 million each to the Congressional Leadership Fund, House Republicans' primary super PAC; the Senate Leadership Fund, Senate Republicans' primary super PAC; and Fight for Kentucky, a super PAC that backed Nate Morris, who was running for the Republican US Senate nomination in the state.

P7 "ahead of midterms" likely 2026 US midterms. "中期选举前". "America PAC" translate "美国政治行动委员会". If retain "America PAC", okay. To be Chinese: “美国PAC” maybe acronym. "他参与创办的超级政治行动委员会“美国PAC”". Then "国会领导层基金", Republican House/Senate. "House Republicans' primary super PAC" = 众议院共和党人的主要超级PAC, not "众议院共和党主要". Use:他还分别向国会领导层基金(众议院共和党的主要超级政治行动委员会)、参议院领导层基金(参议院共和党的主要超级政治行动委员会)以及“肯塔基之战”捐款1000万美元;后者是支持内特·莫里斯竞选该州共和党联邦参议员候选理查德·尤伊莱恩(Richard Uihlein)与伊丽莎白·尤伊莱恩(Elizabeth Uihlein):7000万美元。伊丽莎白·尤伊莱恩与Uline公司执行副总裁雅各布·彼得斯(Jacob Peters)被拍到走进白宫。

Axios reported that Musk was impressed by Morris' message and business background. Morris dropped out of the race in May 2026 after Trump announced his intentions to nominate Morris to an ambassadorship. Bloomberg estimates Musk's net worth to be $924 billion. Richard and Elizabeth Uihlein: $70 million Elizabeth Uihlein and Jacob Peters, a Uline executive vice president, are seen walking into the White House. Paul Morigi/Getty Images Richard Uihlein, who cofounded the Uline shipping company and his wife, Elizabeth, have donated over $70 million. The Uihleins' largest recipient is Restoration of America PAC, a conservative super PAC that acts as a clearinghouse for other groups, to which they have given over $57.7 million. The couple has also given $4 million to Fair Courts America, a super PAC focused on judicial races, and $1.5 million to Northwoods PAC, a super PAC that backed Jessi Ebben, a Wisconsin Republican who ran for Congress but lost to Michael Alfonso, whose father-in-law is Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy.

保罗·莫里吉(Paul Morigi)/盖蒂图片社。Uline航运公司联合创始人理查德·尤伊莱恩及其妻子伊丽莎白已捐赠超过7000万美元。

The couple has also given $4 million to Fair Courts America, a super PAC focused on judicial races, and $1.5 million to Northwoods PAC, a super PAC that backed Jessi Ebben, a Wisconsin Republican who ran for Congress but lost to Michael Alfonso, whose father-in-law is Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy.

尤伊莱恩夫妇最大的捐赠对象是“美国复兴政治行动委员会”(Restoration of America PAC),这是一个保守派超级政治行动委员会,充当其他团体的资金中转站,他们已向该组织捐赠了超过5770万美元。

Richard Uihlein, who is also an heir to the Schlitz Brewing fortune, is estimated to be worth $7.2 billion. Elizabeth Uihlein, who cofounded Uline shipping, is also estimated to be worth $7.2 billion.

这对夫妇还向专注于司法竞选的超级政治行动委员会“公平法院美国”(Fair Courts America)捐赠了400万美元,并向“北林政治行动委员会”(Northwoods PAC)捐赠了150万美元。该委员会曾支持威斯康星州共和党人杰西·埃本(Jessi Ebben)竞选国会议员,但埃本最终输给了迈克尔·阿方索(Michael Alfonso),而阿方索的岳父正是现任交通部长肖恩·达菲(Sean Duffy)。

Miriam Adelson: $67.6 million Miriam Adelson speaks alongside Donald Trump during an event at the White House Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images Miriam Adelson the widow of casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, has donated roughly $67.6 million. Adelson has given $30 million, her largest donation, to the Senate Leadership Fund. She's also given $25 million to MAGA Inc, Trump's main aligned super PAC, and $10 to the Congressional Leadership Fund.

理查德·尤伊莱恩同时也是施利茨酿酒公司(Schlitz Brewing)财富的继承人,据估计其身价为72亿美元。共同创立Uline航运公司的伊丽莎白·尤伊莱恩身价估计也为72亿美元。

According to Forbes, Adelson and her family now own more than half of Las Vegas Sands, the casino empire that Sheldon Adelson started. Bloomberg estimates her net worth at $38.4 billion.

米里亚姆·阿德尔森(Miriam Adelson):6760万美元。米里亚姆·阿德尔森在白宫举行的活动中与唐纳德·特朗普一同发表讲话。安娜·莫尼梅克(Anna Moneymaker)/盖蒂图片社。赌场大亨谢尔登·阿德尔森(Sheldon Adelson)的遗孀米里亚姆·阿德尔森已捐赠约6760万美元。

Chris Larsen, Lyna Lam, and Ripple Labs: $65.7 million Chris Larsen Former Ripple CEO Chris Larsen his wife, Lyna Labs, and the payments company have collectively given roughly $65.7 million so far. Directly, Larsen has donated just over $15 million, the largest recipient of which is Invest in Tomorrow Coalition PAC, a super PAC that supports both Republicans and Democrats who support clean energy.

阿德尔森向“参议院领导基金”(Senate Leadership Fund)捐赠了3000万美元,这是她最大的一笔捐款。她还向特朗普的主要盟友超级政治行动委员会“MAGA Inc”捐赠了2500万美元,并向“国会领导基金”(Congressional Leadership Fund)捐赠了1000万美元。

By far, though, the largest share of donated money is linked to Ripple. The crypto company has donated $48 million to Fairshake, a super PAC that is funded by some of the biggest names in the cryptocurrency industry. Forbes estimates Larsen's net worth at $8.4 billion.

据《福布斯》报道,阿德尔森及其家族目前拥有谢尔登·阿德尔森创立的赌场帝国——拉斯维加斯金沙集团(Las Vegas Sands)超过一半的股份。彭博社估计其净资产为384亿美元。

Paul Singer: $53.2 million Paul Singer Hedge fund billionaire Paul Singer has donated over $53.2 million.

克里斯·拉森(Chris Larsen)、琳娜·拉姆(Lyna Lam)及瑞波实验室(Ripple Labs):6570万美元。克里斯·拉森。前瑞波公司首席执行官克里斯·拉森、其妻子琳娜·拉姆以及该公司迄今已累计捐赠约6570万美元。

Singer, who founded Elliot Management, has given over $15 million in combined donations to STW PAC. It's not clear what STW PAC does. According to campaign finance records, the super PAC was created in January, and Singer is its sole donor thus far. Months before the midterms, it has yet to spend any serious money.

直接来看,拉森捐赠了略超1500万美元,最大受益方是“投资明天联盟PAC”,这是一个同时支持共和党和民主党中主张清洁能源候选人的超级政治行动委员会(超级PAC)。

Singer has also given $14.5 million to the Senate Leadership Fund and $8 million to the Congressional Leadership Fund.

然而,捐赠资金中占比最大的部分与Ripple公司有关。这家加密货币公司向Fairshake捐赠了4800万美元,该超级PAC由加密货币行业的一些大佬资助。《福布斯》估计拉森的净资产为84亿美元。

According to Forbes, Singer is worth an estimated $6.7 billion. Tyler Winklevoss, Cameron Winklevoss, and Winklevoss Capital: $52.6 million Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss attend an event at the White House Venture capitalists Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss and their firm have combined donated roughly $52.6 million so far.

保罗·辛格:5320万美元 保罗·辛格 对冲基金亿万富翁保罗·辛格已捐赠逾5320万美元。

Tyler Winklevoss, Cameron Winklevoss, and Winklevoss Capital: $52.6 million Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss attend an event at the White House Venture capitalists Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss and their firm have combined donated roughly $52.6 million so far.

辛格创立了埃利奥特管理公司,他向STW PAC的合计捐赠超过1500万美元。STW PAC的具体职能尚不清楚。根据竞选财务记录,该超级PAC于1月成立,迄今辛格是其唯一捐赠者。距离中期选举还有几个月,它尚未花费任何大笔资金。

The brothers, perhaps best known for their legal fight over Facebook, have become major players in the cryptocurrency industry since founding Gemini, a crypto exchange, in 2014.

辛格还向参议院领导基金捐赠了1450万美元,向国会领导基金捐赠了800万美元。据《福布斯》估计,辛格的净资产约为67亿美元。

Tyler and Cameron have individually given roughly $15.6 million. The pair has given the most to MAGA Inc., with each one donating roughly $10.5 million to the super PAC. Both brothers donated to the Trump-aligned super PAC in bitcoin.

泰勒·温克莱沃斯、卡梅隆·温克莱沃斯及温克莱沃斯资本:5260万美元 泰勒和卡梅隆·温克莱沃斯出席白宫活动 风险投资人泰勒和卡梅隆·温克莱沃斯兄弟及其公司合计捐赠约5260万美元。

Winklevoss Capital, their fund, has donated roughly $21.3 million, all of which has gone to the Digital Freedom Fund, a cryptocurrency industry super PAC.

这对兄弟因与Facebook的法律纠纷而广为人知,自2014年创立加密货币交易所Gemini以来,已成为加密货币行业的重要参与者。

Forbes estimates the brothers' respective net worths at worth $2.9 billion.

泰勒和卡梅隆个人各捐赠约1560万美元。两人向MAGA Inc.捐赠最多,各自向该超级PAC捐赠约1050万美元。两兄弟均以比特币向这个支持特朗普的超级PAC捐款。

Greg and Anna Brockman: $50 million Greg and Anna Brockman OpenAI President Greg Brockman and his wife, Anna, have donated $50 million.

温克莱沃斯资本(他们的基金)捐赠约2130万美元,全部流向“数字自由基金”,一个加密货币行业超级PAC。《福布斯》估计两兄弟各自的净资产为29亿美元。格雷格和安娜·布罗克曼:5000万美元格雷格和安娜·布罗克曼 OpenAI总裁格雷格·布罗克曼及其妻子安娜已捐赠5000万美元。

The Brockmans have each given $12.5 million to both Leading The Future, a super PAC supporting pro-AI candidates, and MAGA Inc. Brockman has been one of the largest spenders connected to the AI industry. OpenAI has previously said that Brockman is giving in his individual capacity. Bloomberg estimates that Greg Brockman is worth $25.5 billion.

布罗克曼夫妇各自向“引领未来”(Leading The Future,一个支持亲AI候选人的超级政治行动委员会)和“MAGA公司”(MAGA Inc.)各捐赠了1250万美元。

Ben and Felicia Horowitz: $45.3 million Ben and Felicia Horowitz Brendan McDermid/Reuters Venture capitalist Ben Horowitz and his wife, Felicia, have donated over $45.3 million.

布罗克曼是与AI行业相关的最大捐赠者之一。OpenAI此前曾表示,布罗克曼是以个人身份进行捐赠。彭博社估计格雷格·布罗克曼的身价为255亿美元。本和费利西亚·霍洛维茨:4530万美元本和费利西亚·霍洛维茨 Brendan McDermid/Reuters 风险投资家本·霍洛维茨及其妻子费利西亚已捐赠超过4530万美元。

Horowitz, who cofounded Andreessen Horowitz, has donated $25 million to Leading the Future, by far the largest recipient of his money. He's also given $11.9 million to Fairshake, a super PAC supporting the crypto industry. Separate from his own and his wife's giving, Andreessen Horowitz Capital Management has given over $1.6 million to the Congressional Leadership Fund.

霍洛维茨是安德森·霍洛维茨(Andreessen Horowitz)的联合创始人,他向“引领未来”捐赠了2500万美元,这是他最大的单一捐赠受益方。他还向支持加密货币行业的超级政治行动委员会“Fairshake”捐赠了1190万美元。

Marc and Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen: $42.8 million Marc and Laura Andreessen Craig T Fruchtman/WireImage Marc Andreessen and his wife, Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen, have given over $42.8 million.

除了他本人及其妻子的捐赠外,安德森·霍洛维茨资本管理公司还向国会领导基金(Congressional Leadership Fund)捐赠了超过160万美元。马克和劳拉·阿里拉加-安德森:4280万美元马克和劳拉·安德森 Craig T Fruchtman/WireImage 马克·安德森及其妻子劳拉·阿里拉加-安德森已捐赠超过4280万美元。

Like his A16z cofounder, Andreessen has also given $25 million to Leading The Future and $11.9 million to Fairshake. Ken Griffin: $32.5 million Citadel CEO Ken Griffin Aaron Schwartz/Bloomberg via Getty Images has donated roughly $32.5 million. Griffin, a longtime GOP megadonor, has given $10 million to the Senate Leadership Fund, by far the biggest recipient of his donations. He has also given $5 million to the Congressional Leadership Fund.

与他的A16z联合创始人一样,安德森也向“引领未来”捐赠了2500万美元,向Fairshake捐赠了1190万美元。肯·格里芬:3250万美元Citadel CEO肯·格里芬 Aaron Schwartz/Bloomberg via Getty Images 已捐赠约3250万美元。

Bloomberg estimates the hedge fund manager's net worth at $57.5 billion. Stephen and Christine Schwarzman: $31.8 million Stephen Schwarzman Blackstone CEO Stephen Schwarzman and his wife, Christine, have donated over $31.8 million.

作为长期的共和党大额捐赠者,格里芬向参议院领导基金(Senate Leadership Fund)捐赠了1000万美元,这是他最大的单一捐赠受益方。他还向国会领导基金捐赠了500万美元。彭博社估计这位对冲基金经理的净资产为575亿美元。斯蒂芬和克里斯汀·施瓦茨曼:3180万美元斯蒂芬·施瓦茨曼 黑石集团CEO斯蒂芬·施瓦茨曼及其妻子克里斯汀已捐赠超过3180万美元。

Schwarzman has given $17 million to the Senate Leadership Fund, which is by far the largest recipient of his donations. He's also donated $5 million to MAGA Inc. Bloomberg estimates the private equity maven's net worth at $47 billion. Diane Hendricks: $26.2 million Diane Hendricks Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images Diane Hendricks, the widow of Ken Hendricks, has donated over $26.2 million.

施瓦茨曼向参议院领导基金捐赠了1700万美元,这是迄今为止他捐款的最大受益方。他还向“让美国再次伟大公司”(MAGA Inc.)捐赠了500万美元。彭博社估计这位私募股权大亨的净资产为470亿美元。黛安·亨德里克斯:2620万美元黛安·亨德里克斯 Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images肯·亨德里克斯的遗孀黛安·亨德里克斯已捐赠超过2620万美元。

Hendricks has given almost all of the money, $25 million worth, to MAGA Inc. Diane and Ken Hendricks cofounded ABC Supply, which calls itself North America's largest wholesale distributor of roofing, siding, and windows. Bloomberg estimates Hendricks net worth to be $15.7 billion. Kelcy Warren: $13 million Kelcy Warren Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren has donated roughly $13 million.

亨德里克斯将其中近2500万美元捐给了“让美国再次伟大公司”,占其捐款总额的绝大部分。

Kelcy Warren: $13 million Kelcy Warren Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren has donated roughly $13 million.

黛安和肯·亨德里克斯共同创立了ABC Supply公司,该公司自称是北美最大的屋顶、外墙板和窗户批发分销商。彭博社估计亨德里克斯的净资产为157亿美元。凯尔西·沃伦:1300万美元凯尔西·沃伦 能源传输合伙企业首席执行官凯尔西·沃伦已捐赠约1300万美元。

Warren, who leads the pipeline company, has sent $12.5 million to MAGA Inc, by far the largest recipient of his donations. Bloomberg estimates Warren's net worth is $9.9 billion. Jim Walton: $10.1 million Jim Walton Rick T. Wilking/Getty Images an heir to the Walmart fortune, has donated roughly $10.1 million.

沃伦领导着这家管道公司,他向“让美国再次伟大公司”捐赠了1250万美元,这是迄今为止他捐款的最大受益方。彭博社估计沃伦的净资产为99亿美元。吉姆·沃尔顿:1010万美元吉姆·沃尔顿 Rick T. Wilking/Getty Images沃尔玛财富继承人吉姆·沃尔顿已捐赠约1010万美元。

Walton has donated $7 million to Americans for Prosperity Action, a super PAC long affiliated with Charles Koch and his late brother David Koch's vast network. Walton has also donated $2 million to the Senate Leadership Fund.

沃尔顿向“繁荣行动美国”捐赠了700万美元,该超级政治行动委员会长期与查尔斯·科赫及其已故兄弟大卫·科赫的庞大网络有关联。沃尔顿还向参议院领导基金捐赠了200万美元。

Methodology: Business Insider reviewed campaign donations reported to the Federal Election Commission as of September 24. So-called "dark money" groups are not legally required to disclose their donors, often because they are organized as nonprofit organizations. This story also focuses on donations made by individuals and couples rather than by companies unaffiliated with any specific megadonor. These numbers also don't include state-based donations which can be quite significant in their own right.

方法论:《商业内幕》审查了截至9月24日向联邦选举委员会报告的竞选捐款。所谓的“黑钱”团体无法律义务披露捐赠者身份,通常是因为它们以非营利组织形式注册。本文还重点关注个人和夫妇的捐款,而非与任何特定大额捐赠者无关的公司捐款。这些数字也不包括州级捐款,后者本身也可能相当可观。

Methodology: Business Insider reviewed campaign donations reported to the Federal Election Commission as of September 24. So-called "dark money" groups are not legally required to disclose their donors, often because they are organized as nonprofit organizations. This story also focuses on donations made by individuals and couples rather than by companies unaffiliated with any specific megadonor. These numbers also don't include state-based donations which can be quite significant in their own right.