根据一项修订联邦监狱系统发展规划的政府法令，俄罗斯计划在2035年前建造七个大型监狱综合体，这些设施将同时容纳看守所和惩教殖民地。
Russia plans to build seven large prison complexes by 2035 that will house both remand centres and penitentiary colonies, under a government decree amending the federal programme for the development of the penal system.
这些被俄罗斯记者称为“超级监狱”的设施总共将容纳超过20,000人，其中包括5,380名未决羁押人员和15,120名已判决囚犯。
The facilities, which Russian journalists have called "superprisons," will together hold more than 20,000 people, 5,380 on remand and 15,120 convicted prisoners.
这些设施还将配备法庭以及供检察官、辩护律师和公共监督委员会使用的办公室。政府计划在整个设施内使用监控和安保技术。
They will also include courtrooms and offices for prosecutors, defence lawyers and public monitoring commissions. The government plans to use surveillance and security technology throughout.
这些综合体计划建在卡卢加州、阿斯特拉罕州、秋明州、布里亚特共和国、外贝加尔边疆区，以及目前处于俄罗斯军事占领下的乌克兰赫尔松地区。
The complexes are planned for the Kaluga, Astrakhan and Tyumen regions, Buryatia and Zabaikalsky Krai, and the part of Ukraine's Kherson region currently under Russian military occupation.
首个设施预计将于2030年前在鞑靼斯坦共和国投入使用。据俄罗斯媒体报道，初步估计单个综合体的成本在130亿至200亿卢布（约合1.34亿至2.08亿欧元）之间，整个项目的总成本预计将超过2300亿卢布（约合24亿欧元）。
The first facility is due to open in Tatarstan by 2030. Preliminary estimates put the cost of a single complex at between 13 billion and 20 billion roubles (€134 million and €208 million), with the total programme cost expected to exceed 230 billion roubles (€2.4 billion), according to Russian media reports.
俄罗斯司法部表示，将看守和惩教功能整合在单一设施中，将使囚犯关押成本降低25%至30%，并有望在10年内收回投资，这主要得益于消除了囚犯转移成本并减少了人员需求。此次计划中的建设是在监狱人口急剧下降的背景下进行的。
Russia's Justice Ministry says consolidating remand and penal functions in single facilities will cut the cost of holding prisoners by 25–30% and allow the investment to pay for itself within 10 years, mainly by eliminating prisoner transfer costs and reducing staffing requirements. The planned construction follows a sharp fall in the prison population.
2021年底，俄罗斯的在押人员为46.5万人，但到2026年，这一数字已降至28.2万人，降幅近40%。俄罗斯联邦监狱管理局局长阿尔卡季·戈斯特夫（Arkady Gostev）在5月份表示，招募囚犯作为合同兵参加俄罗斯在乌克兰的战争，是导致这一数字大幅下降的主要原因。
At the end of 2021, Russia held 465,000 people in detention but by 2026, that figure had dropped to 282,000 — a decline of nearly 40%.Head of the Federal Penitentiary Service Arkady Gostev said in May that recruitment of prisoners as contract soldiers for Russia's war in Ukraine had contributed significantly to the reduction.
招募囚犯始于2022年夏季，即俄罗斯于同年2月对乌克兰发动全面入侵之后。最初是通过克里姆林宫掌控的瓦格纳雇佣兵集团进行，后来则直接由国防部负责。
The recruitment of inmates began in the summer of 2022 — right after Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February of the same year — initially through the Kremlin-run paramilitary Wagner Group and later through the Defence Ministry directly.
法律专家对这些计划提出了批评。他们表示，新设施内部的规章制度很可能保持不变，甚至会变得更加严苛。此外，将监狱从市中心迁往偏远地区（特别是布里亚特共和国和外贝加尔边疆区），将使亲属、人权活动人士和法律代表更难探视被关押人员。囚犯遭受酷刑现象普遍俄罗斯的监狱系统因其条件低于国际标准，长期以来一直受到国际人权机构的批评。
Law experts have criticised the plans. They said internal rules at the new facilities were likely to remain unchanged or become more restrictive, and that relocating prisons from city centres to remote sites — particularly in Buryatia and Zabaikalsky Krai — would make it substantially harder for relatives, human rights activists and legal representatives to reach those held inside. Torture of inmates prevalentRussia's prison system has faced persistent criticism from international human rights bodies for conditions that fall below international standards.
联合国俄罗斯人权状况特别报告员在2025年的一份报告中指出，酷刑依然“系统性且普遍存在”，2024年至2025年间记录在案的案例有258起。记录在案的常见手段包括电击、殴打和模拟处决。
The UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Russia found in a 2025 report that torture remained "systematic and widespread," with 258 documented cases in 2024-2025. Common methods documented included electric shocks, beatings and mock executions.
联合国人权理事会在2024年对俄罗斯进行普遍定期审议后，呼吁莫斯科将酷刑定为独立的刑事犯罪，加强对举报案件的调查，并使其法律框架与《联合国禁止酷刑公约》保持一致。
The UN Human Rights Council, following a universal periodic review of Russia in 2024, called on Moscow to make torture a standalone criminal offence, strengthen investigation of reported cases and align its legal framework with the UN Convention Against Torture.
俄罗斯拒绝了其中大部分建议。人权观察组织在2024年记录到，俄罗斯当局对3月莫斯科近郊“克罗库斯城”音乐厅袭击事件中被捕的嫌疑人实施了酷刑，并录制了审讯过程，随后将视频传播开来。
Russia rejected the majority of those recommendations. Human Rights Watch documented in 2024 that Russian authorities tortured suspects detained in connection with the Crocus City Hall attack near Moscow in March of that year, recorded the sessions and circulated the footage.
欧安组织的一个监测团发现，俄罗斯拘留设施内的状况往往包括过度拥挤、设施卫生条件恶劣、食物和医疗保障不足以及强迫劳动。
An OSCE monitoring mission found conditions in Russian detention facilities frequently included overcrowding, unsanitary facilities, inadequate food and medical care, and forced labour.
阿列克谢·纳瓦利内于2024年2月在北极地区的一所偏远流放地去世，当时他正在那里服19年刑期。据俄罗斯独立媒体报道，该监狱以环境恶劣和涉嫌酷刑而闻名。
Alexei Navalny died in February 2024 in a remote Arctic penal colony where he was serving a 19-year sentence. The prison was reported by Russian independent media as known for harsh conditions and alleged torture.
在被驱逐出欧洲委员会后，俄罗斯于2025年9月正式退出了《欧洲防止酷刑公约》，从而终止了欧洲视察员对俄罗斯监狱的监督访问。
Russia formally withdrew from the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture in September 2025 following its expulsion from the Council of Europe, ending monitoring visits to Russian prisons by European inspectors.
联合国特别报告员还记录了惩罚性精神病学的复兴，包括将强制性精神病治疗作为一种量刑工具，用于惩处因发表反战言论而被起诉的人员。
The UN Special Rapporteur also documented a revival of punitive psychiatry, including the use of compulsory psychiatric treatment as a sentencing tool against those prosecuted for anti-war expression.