中国研究人员正在起草关于自主卫星协调与数据共享的标准。分析人士认为，这些标准有望加快军事目标的锁定速度，并提升中国人民解放军的卫星网络的抗干扰能力。
Chinese researchers are drafting standards for autonomous satellite coordination and data sharing in a move analysts say could speed up military targeting and make People’s Liberation Army satellite networks more resilient. An expert panel convened by the Chinese Institute of Command and Control (CICC) in Beijing on September 21 approved work on 10 proposed voluntary standards, clearing the way for draft texts to be released for consultation.
9月21日，由中国指挥与控制研究院（CICC）在北京召集的一个专家小组批准了10项拟议中的自愿性标准，为这些标准的正式发布和公开征求意见奠定了基础。
In an account of the meeting published last Thursday, the CICC said the standards were intended to support China’s civilian and commercial low Earth orbit satellites.
CICC在上周四发布的会议报告中指出，这些标准的制定旨在支持中国的民用及商业低地球轨道卫星系统。
The 10 proposed standards cover areas ranging from overall system design and the description of mission scenarios to distributed data services, satellite and mission data, coordination at constellation and smaller satellite-cluster levels, and the design of autonomous controllers.
这10项拟议标准涵盖了多个方面，包括整个系统的设计、任务场景的描述、分布式数据服务、卫星及任务数据的管理、星座级及小型卫星集群间的协调机制，以及自主控制系统的设计等。
CICC said the standards sought to help different types of satellites work together more effectively in large, complex constellations.
CICC表示，这些标准旨在帮助不同类型的卫星在大型、复杂的卫星星座中更高效地协同工作。虽然该机构在公告中总结了这些标准的要点，但并未提供标准的完整文本。
The institute’s announcement summarised the draft standards but did not include their full texts. In practice, common formats could allow satellites run by different organisations to describe tasks, report their status and capabilities, and exchange mission data consistently.
实际上，统一的格式将使由不同机构运营的卫星能够一致地描述自身的任务、报告状态和能力，并交换任务数据。例如，当一颗卫星发现感兴趣的目标时，它可以将相关信息传递给另一颗拥有不同传感器或更佳观测视角的卫星。
If one satellite detected something of interest, for example, it could pass relevant task information to another with a different sensor or a better view of the area. According to Gregory Falco, an assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell University, what was outlined in CICC’s announcement was significant.
康奈尔大学机械与航空航天工程系助理教授格雷戈里·法尔科（Gregory Falco）认为，CICC发布的这些标准具有重要意义。他指出：“这类卫星的协调工作绝非易事。”
“Coordination of these types of satellites is not a trivial task,” Falco said. Blaine Curcio, founder of Orbital Gateway Consulting, contrasted China’s approach to building large satellite constellations with SpaceX’s Starlink.
轨道门户咨询公司（Orbital Gateway Consulting）的创始人布莱恩·库尔西奥（Blaine Curcio）将中国构建大型卫星星座的方式与SpaceX的Starlink项目进行了对比。
“Unlike Starlink, which is vertically integrated and manufactures all satellites in-house, China’s large constellations are much more dispersed,” he said.
“与垂直整合、所有卫星均自主制造的星链（Starlink）不同，中国的巨型星座分布要分散得多，”他说。
“That being the case, it would seem very important to create standards so that the satellites can eventually be interoperable.”
“鉴于这种情况，制定标准以实现卫星最终的互操作性显得非常重要。”库尔乔（Curcio）提醒称，任何成效都需要时间才能显现，因为这些标准必须在卫星制造和发射前就纳入设计之中。
Curcio cautioned that any benefits would take time because the standards would have to be incorporated into the designs before the satellites were built and launched. CICC’s standards effort also involved military and defence-linked institutions.
中金公司（CICC）的标准制定工作也涉及了与军事和国防相关的机构。
The expert panel included PLA Unit 61646, which is active in satellite and remote-sensing information processing, while one of the institutions leading the drafting work was the China Academy of Space Technology’s 513 Institute, which works on electronics for space and defence applications.
专家组包括中国人民解放军61646部队，该部队活跃于卫星和遥感信息处理领域；而负责起草工作的主要机构之一是中国空间技术研究院第513研究所，该所致力于航天和国防应用的电子技术研究。
Timothy R. Heath, founder of Perceptum, a defence research and consultancy firm focused on China and security affairs, said the PLA’s involvement reflected China’s broader push towards dual-use capabilities.
专注于中国和安全事务的国防研究与咨询公司Perceptum的创始人蒂莫西·R·希思（Timothy R. Heath）表示，解放军的参与反映了中国在推动军民两用能力方面的广泛努力。
According to the Pentagon’s 2025 annual report on China’s military, many Chinese commercial companies were part of Beijing’s military-civil fusion strategy to develop dual-use technologies in the commercial sector for eventual integration into the military.
根据五角大楼发布的《2025年中国军事与安全发展报告》，许多中国商业公司都是北京“军民融合”战略的一部分，旨在商业领域开发军民两用技术，并最终将其整合到军事中。
For the PLA, such capabilities could shorten the chain between collecting information on a potential target and getting usable data to military operators, Heath said.
希思说，对于解放军而言，此类能力可以缩短从收集潜在目标信息到将可用数据传输给军事操作人员的链条。“自主性更高的卫星网络将在太空中执行更多任务，”他补充道。
“Satellite networks that operate with greater autonomy will do more tasks in space,” he added. “For example, satellites in a network could share data with each other, drawing from different types of sensors. Using AI, the satellites could quickly identify potential targets and then send that information to human operators.”
“例如，网络中的卫星可以利用不同类型的传感器相互共享数据。利用人工智能，卫星能够快速识别潜在目标，并将相关信息发送给人类操作员。”原则上，一个能够以这种方式共享数据并协调任务的网络，也可以重新分配工作。如果一颗卫星无法使用或位置不佳，另一颗卫星或许可以接管部分工作。
In principle, a network able to share data and coordinate tasks in this way could also redistribute work. If one satellite were unavailable or poorly positioned, another could potentially take over part of the job. Falco said the architecture described by CICC also pointed to a shift towards processing data and making decisions where the information is collected, rather than routinely sending it back to the ground first.
法尔科表示，CICC所描述的架构也指向了一种转变，即在信息采集地直接进行数据处理和决策，而不是像往常一样先将数据传回地面。希思同样将该技术与解放军作战理念的更广泛转变联系起来。
Heath likewise linked the technology to a broader shift in PLA warfare concepts. “The incorporation of AI and greater autonomy definitely reflects the PLA’s push towards a vision of building an ‘intelligentised’ force and networked warfare,” he said.
他说：“人工智能的融入和更高程度的自主性，无疑反映了解放军推动建设‘智能化’部队和网络化战争的愿景。”
The Pentagon report said Beijing believed the next revolution in military affairs would come with a transition to “intelligentised” warfare and the integration of artificial intelligence, big data, advanced computing and other technologies into the joint force.
五角大楼的报告称，北京方面认为，下一场军事革命将伴随着向“智能化”战争的过渡，以及人工智能、大数据、先进计算等技术在联合部队中的整合。
It also said the PLA was investing in and fielding automated detection and tracking from low-Earth-orbit satellites – capabilities it said had increased its ability to monitor, track and target US and allied forces.
报告还称，解放军正在投资并部署来自低地球轨道卫星的自动探测和跟踪系统——报告指出，这些能力提高了其监视、跟踪和锁定美国及其盟国军队的能力。
Falco said the technology could also improve resilience as satellites could continue operating when communications with ground stations were denied, reducing the risk that disruption of those links would jeopardise a mission.
法尔科表示，这项技术还可以提高韧性，因为即使在与地面站的通信中断时，卫星也能继续运行，从而降低了通信链路中断导致任务失败的风险。
Namrata Goswami, a professor at Johns Hopkins University’s school of advanced international studies, highlighted the potential for resilience at the constellation level.
约翰霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院教授纳姆拉塔·戈斯瓦米强调了星座层面的韧性潜力。
“Jamming or attacking one part of the network is not fatal if the remaining network can autonomously redistribute functions,” Goswami said.
戈斯瓦米说：“如果剩余的网络能够自主重新分配功能，那么干扰或攻击网络的一部分并非致命。”
Despite those potential military applications, Heath cautioned against interpreting the standards primarily as a military project.
尽管存在这些潜在的军事应用，希思仍告诫不要将这些标准主要解读为军事项目。
“The main driver is civilian in nature,” he said.
“主要驱动力是民用性质的，”他说。“军事方面只是考量因素之一，而非主要驱动力。”与此同时，美军正在追求相关能力，尽管这些项目并非CICC标准的直接对等物。
“The military aspect is just one consideration but not the main driver.”Meanwhile, the US military is pursuing related capabilities, although the programmes are not direct equivalents to the CICC standards. The US Space Development Agency’s Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture uses common networking and optical-communications standards to allow satellites supplied by multiple vendors to operate as part of the same network.
美国太空发展局的“扩散式战斗人员太空架构”采用通用的网络和光通信标准，使多家供应商提供的卫星能够作为同一网络的一部分运行。
In addition, the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency or Darpa is developing its Space-Based Adaptive Communications Node programme, or Space-BACN, to connect otherwise incompatible satellite constellations using different optical-link standards and coordinate communications between them.
此外，美国国防高级研究计划局（达尔帕）正在开发其“空基自适应通信节点”计划（Space-BACN），旨在连接原本不兼容、使用不同光链路标准的卫星星座，并协调它们之间的通信。
By Gabriel Dominguez