东京——旨在减少温室气体排放的碳定价制度正在新兴经济体中逐渐普及，目前已覆盖全球约30%的温室气体排放量，这一比例是2020年的两倍。
TOKYO -- Carbon-pricing systems designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions are spreading across emerging economies, covering roughly 30% of the world's emissions, double the 2020 level.
碳定价机制通过对企业的温室气体排放量征收费用来促使它们减少排放。这类制度主要分为两种形式：一种是排放交易机制（即设定排放上限，并允许企业买卖相应的排放配额）；另一种是碳税（即根据企业的实际排放量征收税款）。
Carbon pricing assigns a monetary cost to greenhouse gas emissions by companies. Systems generally take two forms. One is emissions-trading schemes, which set caps on emissions and allow companies to buy and sell allowances. The other is carbon taxes, which impose levies based on amounts emitted.
世界银行估计，到2026年，全球39%的温室气体排放将受到碳定价制度的约束。过去十年间，全球每吨温室气体的平均定价从2016年的10美元上涨至近21美元，涨幅超过一倍。在加利福尼亚州，受该州排放交易计划约束的企业的排放量在2016年至2024年间减少了21%。
The World Bank estimates that 29% of global greenhouse gas emissions are subject to carbon pricing in 2026. The global average price per metric ton has more than doubled over the past decade from $10 in 2016 to nearly $21. In California, emissions from facilities covered by the state's cap-and-trade program fell 21% between 2016 and 2024.
芬兰于1990年成为世界上第一个实施碳税的国家；欧盟则于2005年建立了全球首个排放交易系统。中国于2021年正式启动了全国性的排放交易机制。巴西和印度尼西亚也在考虑引入类似的措施。
Finland became the first country to introduce a carbon tax in 1990, while the European Union set up the world's first emissions-trading system in 2005. China formally began operating its national emissions trading scheme in 2021. Brazil and Indonesia are considering introducing such measures.
日本于2026年全面实施了其排放交易制度，该制度要求那些年排放量超过10万吨的企业必须减少排放。该制度涵盖了电力、能源、钢铁和材料等多个行业的约300至400家企业。
Japan fully implemented its emissions-trading system, which requires reductions from companies whose in-country emissions averaged at least 100,000 tons annually over three years, in 2026. Around 300 to 400 companies in sectors including electricity, energy, steel and materials fall under the scheme.
越南已为包括热电厂、钢铁厂和水泥厂在内的110家设施设定了排放上限；这些设施合计占该国温室气体总排放量的40%。政府将2028年之前的时期定为试点阶段，并免除了相关企业的交易费用。
Vietnam has allocated emissions caps to 110 facilities, including thermal power plants and steel and cement factories, which together account for 40% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. The government has designated the period through 2028 as a pilot phase and is waiving transaction fees.
印度也建立了覆盖石油、铝业和水泥等行业在内的排放交易系统。该国钢铁行业的规模仅次于中国，预计将从2027年起被纳入该系统的监管范围。
India has also introduced an emissions-trading system covering such industries as oil, aluminum and cement. The country's steel sector, the largest after China's, is set to be included from 2027.
印度的减排目标相当于其产量的2%至5%。政府似乎有意在评估对企业影响的同时，逐步提高标准。印度智库“气候风险地平线”估计，未能达到这些目标通常只会让大公司的年利润损失不到7%。
India's emissions reduction targets range from 2% to 5% of production. The government appears intent on gradually raising the bar while assessing the impact on businesses. Climate Risk Horizons, an Indian think tank, estimates that failing to meet the targets would typically cost large companies less than 7% of their annual profits.
新兴经济体的这一推动力不仅反映了在经济增长与能源效率之间进行协调的努力，也受到了欧盟于1月全面生效的碳边境调节机制的影响。
The push by emerging economies reflects not only efforts to reconcile economic growth with energy efficiency, but also the influence of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, which took full effect in January.
在欧盟境内制造的产品由于碳成本相对较高，可能会比来自碳定价体系较弱或根本不存在的国家的进口商品更加昂贵。根据碳边境调节机制，当此类商品从欧盟域外进口时，欧盟将征收碳成本差额。
Products manufactured within the EU, where carbon costs are relatively high, can become more expensive than imports from countries with weaker or nonexistent carbon-pricing systems. Under CBAM, the EU collects the difference in carbon costs when such goods are imported from outside the bloc.
该机制目前适用于包括钢铁和铝在内的有限范围内的产品。其适用范围预计将从2028年起扩大，涵盖使用这些材料制造的产品。
The mechanism now applies to a limited range of products, including steel and aluminum. Coverage is set to expand from 2028 to include products made using these materials.
与此同时，一些政府开始对更高的温室气体排放采取容忍态度。美国于1月第二次退出《巴黎协定》。2月下旬以来的中东局势紧张打乱了石油和天然气供应，促使日本、韩国和德国等国加大了燃煤发电力度。
At the same time, some governments have moved to tolerate higher greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. withdrew from the Paris Agreement for the second time in January. Tensions in the Middle East since late February have disrupted supplies of oil and natural gas, prompting countries including Japan, South Korea and Germany to step up coal-fired power generation.
爱尔兰在燃料价格上涨后推迟了原定的碳税上调计划。7月，欧盟委员会提议放慢该集团碳排放交易体系下碳排放配额的削减步伐，以减轻企业的负担。
Ireland postponed a planned carbon tax increase after fuel prices rose. In July, the European Commission proposed slowing the pace at which emissions allowances are reduced under the bloc's emissions-trading system, easing the burden on companies.
京都大学专门研究脱碳政策的教授诸富彻表示：“从减少对进口化石燃料依赖的角度来看，中长期内，碳定价将作为一种政策工具在各国继续普及。”
"From the perspective of reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels, carbon pricing will continue to spread as a policy tool across countries over the medium and long term," said Toru Morotomi, a Kyoto University professor specializing in decarbonization policy.