当俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰时，丹尼斯·科斯特夫年仅18岁，住在赫尔松的一所孤儿院里。他对战争感到震惊，曾拍摄社交媒体视频，谴责入侵的俄军。
When the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine began, Denys Kostev was 18 and living in an orphanage in Kherson. Appalled by the war, he used to film social media videos decrying the invading Russian forces.
但很快，他就被强行转移至被占领的克里米亚，他的言论风向也随之发生了逆转。
But he was soon forcibly transferred to occupied Crimea, and his rhetoric suddenly went in the other direction.
四年后的今天，身在基辅的科斯特夫向半岛电视台表示，他之所以扮演亲俄宣传的“样板儿童”，只是为了活下去。
Now in Kyiv four years later, Kostev told Al Jazeera he played the role of a poster child for wartime Russia just to survive.
他活泼、口才好且上镜，此前在乌克兰南部这座城市的孤儿院里参加过一个戏剧俱乐部。他的母亲入狱并去世后，他便在那里生活。
Sprightly, eloquent and photogenic, he used to attend a theatre club at his orphanage in the southern Ukrainian city, where he lived after his mother’s incarceration and death. The experience helped him “star” in numerous videos for Russian television networks – because refusing to be filmed meant risking physical assault or being threatened with jail, he said.
这段经历让他得以在俄罗斯电视台的众多视频中“出演主角”——他表示，拒绝出镜意味着面临身体暴力或入狱的威胁。
“It was useful to play this pro-Russian role,” said Kostev, who, having ultimately escaped Russia, is now preparing to fight for Ukraine.
“扮演这种亲俄角色是有用的，”科斯特夫说。他最终逃离了俄罗斯，目前正在准备为乌克兰而战。“我想活下去。”但他表示，生存并非易事。
“I wanted to live.”But surviving did not come easy, he said. Kostev’s terrifying journey Tanks rolled into Kherson days after the war began.
科斯特夫令人恐惧的旅程：战争爆发几天后，坦克便开进了赫尔松。涉嫌亲乌的人被拘捕并审讯，据称有些人遭受了虐待。
People suspected of pro-Ukrainian sympathies were rounded up and interrogated. Some were allegedly abused.
2022年底，科斯特夫住在孤儿院的同时，还在一所职业学校学习。但随着战事升级，他和其他人被转移至俄罗斯吞并的克里米亚境内的“卢奇斯特”（意为“阳光灿烂”）夏令营。
In late 2022, while living in the orphanage, Kostev also studied in a trade school. But as the war intensified, he and others were relocated to the Luchisty (“Full of Sunshine”) summer camp in Russia-annexed Crimea.
科斯特夫描述他在那里的经历说：“每天早上，你都在俄罗斯国歌中醒来；每周一，都有庆祝性的升俄罗斯国旗仪式。”他补充说，这些孤儿被与外界隔绝。
“Every morning, you wake up to the Russian anthem, and every Monday, there’s a celebratory hoisting of the Russian flag,” Kostev said of his time there. The orphans were isolated, he added.
“他们没有父母，没有人向他们解释什么是对、什么是错，”他说。“到了某个阶段，你开始重复亲俄的叙事。”他表示，他在营地里遇到的至少一名青少年已参军，对抗基辅。
“They’re without parents, no one to explain what’s right or wrong,” he said. “At a certain point, you begin to repeat pro-Russian narratives.”At least one teenager Kostev met in the camp enlisted to fight against Kyiv, he said.
乌克兰正致力于将被指控绑架的儿童带回，并收集针对涉嫌参与绑架人员的证据。目前已有超过2600名儿童返回。
Ukraine is working to return allegedly abducted children and collect evidence against individuals suspected of being involved in their abduction. More than 2,600 children have returned so far.
该夏令营的“管理层”未回应半岛电视台的置评请求。基辅方面表示，2023年有84名乌克兰孤儿被关押在那里。
The summer camp’s “administration” has not responded to Al Jazeera’s request for comment. Kyiv said that 84 Ukrainian orphans were held there in 2023.
据乌克兰人权组织称，离开的这些孩子是近4000名从俄罗斯占领的乌克兰地区被强行带走的儿童之一。基辅声称，莫斯科在战争期间已将近2万名乌克兰未成年人强行带往俄罗斯进行“洗脑”。
Those who left were among almost 4,000 children forcibly taken from orphanages in Russia-occupied Ukrainian regions, according to Ukrainian rights groups. Kyiv claims that Moscow has herded almost 20,000 Ukrainian minors to Russia to “brainwash” them during the war.
尽管克里姆林宫承认这些儿童正在接受“再教育”，但否认了乌克兰的指控，称任何被转移的儿童都是从战区营救出来的。
While the Kremlin acknowledges that children are being “re-educated”, it rejects Ukraine’s claims, saying that any children who have been moved were rescued from war zones.
其中一些儿童在俄罗斯的炮击中失去了父母，而另一些儿童则是在亲莫斯科当局以“安全原因”说服其父母同意后，被送往“夏令营”的。
Some of these children lost parents during Russian shelling, and others ended up in “summer camps” after pro-Moscow authorities reportedly convinced their parents to let them go for “safety reasons”.
乌克兰声称，一些儿童是从拒绝与俄罗斯在占领区扶持的“行政当局”合作的父母手中被绑架的。
Ukraine claims that some children were abducted from parents who refused to collaborate with Moscow-installed “administrations” in Russia-occupied areas.
乌克兰人权组织还指控俄罗斯军队及其乌克兰合作者审讯和虐待父母，并检查他们的身体是否有亲基辅的纹身或因使用枪支后坐力留下的淤青。“令人深感不安的报告”国际人权组织谴责这种所谓的绑架和灌输儿童思想的行为是克里姆林宫最严重的罪行之一。
Russian forces and their Ukrainian collaborators have also been accused by Ukrainian rights groups of interrogating and abusing parents – and checking their bodies for pro-Kyiv tattoos or bruises left by recoiling firearms. ‘Deeply disturbing reports’
挪威赫尔辛基委员会（一家人权监督机构）的高级政策顾问伊瓦尔·戴尔（Ivar Dale）告诉半岛电视台：“这场战争造成的物理破坏显而易见，但这种绑架并对乌克兰儿童进行‘再教育’以使其俄罗斯化的运动，则代表着一种更为险恶的行为。”
International rights groups decry the alleged abduction and indoctrination of children as one of the Kremlin’s gravest crimes.
“这是不可接受的，”他说。“有令人深感不安的报告称，俄罗斯正在进行军事灌输，意图将其中一些儿童投入到针对乌克兰的战争中。”据乌克兰官员称，俄罗斯占领区约有5500名乌克兰青少年被送入“青年军”（Yunarmiya），这是一个提供军事训练的组织。
“The physical destruction of this war is visible to everyone, but the campaign to abduct and ‘re-educate’ Ukrainian children as Russian represents something more sinister altogether,” Ivar Dale, a senior policy adviser with the Norwegian Helsinki Committee, a rights watchdog, told Al Jazeera. “It’s unacceptable,” he said. “There are deeply disturbing reports that Russia is carrying out military indoctrination with a view to use some of these children in the armed forces in their war against Ukraine.”
基辅政治心理学家协会副主席斯维特兰娜·丘尼希娜（Svitlana Chunikhina）表示，年龄越小，对儿童世界观的改造就越深刻。
Some 5,500 young Ukrainians in Russia-occupied areas were sent into Yunarmiya (“Young Army”), a movement that provides military training, according to Ukrainian officials.
她说：“儿童的心理具有灵活性；他们能迅速适应新环境，通常会信任成年人——有时是身不由己，但他们别无选择——并将许多事情视为理所当然。”她说，这就是为什么他们无法抵御莫斯科叙事的原因。
The earlier the age, the deeper the transformation of a child’s worldview, according to Svitlana Chunikhina, vice president of the Association of Political Psychologists of Ukraine, a group in Kyiv. “Children have a flexible psyche; they quickly adapt to a new environment, they mostly trust adults – sometimes involuntarily, but they have no other choice – and take many things for granted,” she said.
“但这并不意味着所有乌克兰儿童都会必然经历同样的情况，”丘尼希娜说。
That is why they cannot resist Moscow’s narratives, she said.
虽然年幼的孩子在营地里学习俄罗斯课程，但教育系统似乎并没有为像科斯特夫（Kostev）这样的青少年制定一套彻底、全面的计划。
“But it doesn’t mean that the same will surely happen to all Ukrainian children,” Chunikhina said.
他和朋友们在苏联时期建造的院子里闲逛，那里点缀着柏树、金合欢和常绿灌木。
While younger children studied in the camp according to the Russian curriculum, the education system did not appear to have had a thorough, comprehensive programme for teenagers such as Kostev.
他们不被允许离开院子，但偶尔会溜出去买烟酒。现年22岁的科斯特夫说，那些被发现醉酒的人会被关在医院里隔离三天，并受到营地安全主管的监禁威胁，该主管曾是乌克兰特种部队的一名军官，后来倒戈投向了俄方。
Along with his friends, he hung around a Soviet-era compound dotted with cypresses, acacias and evergreen shrubs. They were not allowed to leave it – but occasionally sneaked out to buy cigarettes and alcohol.
他说，他们被反复灌输一种观念，即这些孩子“永远不会回到乌克兰”。
Those who were caught drunk were isolated for three days in the hospital and were threatened with prison by the camp’s security chief, a former officer with Ukraine’s special forces who had switched sides, said Kostev, who is now 22.
2023年4月，在克里米亚的营地待了几个月后，科斯特夫被送回了被占领的南部城镇海尼切斯克（Henichesk），并得知俄军早在七个月前就已从赫尔松撤出。
The idea that the children would “never return to Ukraine” was drummed into them, he said.
他进入了另一所职业学校，并被安置在一间肮脏且冰冷的宿舍里。他曾为此拍摄了一段视频进行抱怨，该视频随后在网上疯传。
In April 2023, after months in camps in Crimea, Kostev was sent back to the occupied southern town of Henichesk – and learned that Russian troops had withdrawn from Kherson seven months earlier. He enrolled in another trade school and was housed in a squalid, ice-cold dormitory he complained about in a video that went viral.
他说，第二天早上，俄罗斯扶持的警察对他进行了搜身，声称他为基辅“从事间谍活动”，并威胁要将他关进监狱。随后，他被迫在镜头前赞美俄罗斯。
The next morning, Russia-installed police strip-searched him, claiming he was “spying” for Kyiv and threatened him with jail, he said. Then he was forced to extol Russia on camera.
在一段视频中，他说自己加入了一个由克里姆林宫资助的青年运动，并披上俄罗斯国旗，宣称自己想要参军。
In one video, he said he had joined a Kremlin-funded youth movement, wrapped himself in a Russian flag and declared that he wanted to enlist.
但他告诉半岛电视台，他是被迫和被胁迫去支持俄罗斯的，他一直都想离开。
But he told Al Jazeera that he was forced and coerced into championing Russia, and had always wanted to leave.
2024年初，科斯特夫与搬到德国的哥哥和祖母取得了联系。他成功与他们会合，随后进入波兰，在那里等待了几个月以获取新的乌克兰护照。
In early 2024, Kostev got in touch with his elder brother and grandmother who had relocated to Germany. He managed to join them and later crossed into Poland, where he spent months awaiting a new Ukrainian passport.
四月，他回到了乌克兰。他说自己参加了军事训练营，目前正处于无人机飞行员军事生涯的初期阶段。
In April, he returned to Ukraine. He said he has attended a military training camp and is now in the early stages of his military career as a drone pilot.
“无论你在哪里——家总是最好的，”他坐在基辅郊区的一家购物中心里说道，不久之后，空袭警报响起，迫使所有人撤离。
“Wherever you are – home is better,” he said, sitting in a shopping mall in a Kyiv suburb, shortly before air raid sirens forced everyone outside.