萨姆·梅茨、里奥·亚马特、菲利普·马塞洛 耶路撒冷报道 — 以色列拥有世界上最严格的航空安保措施之一。阿拉伯联合酋长国引以为豪地遵循国际航空安全标准。然而，这些防线未能阻止一架往返两国的航班在涉嫌驾驶舱袭击事件中发生危险俯冲。
SAM METZ, RIO YAMAT, PHILIP MARCELO JERUSALEM — Israel has some of the world’s most stringent air travel security measures. The United Arab Emirates proudly adheres to international aviation safety standards. Yet those safeguards failed to prevent a flight between the countries from taking a dangerous plunge during an alleged attack in the cockpit.
据称，在阿联酋航空FZ1073航班于周三从阿联酋迪拜起飞、搭载174人飞往以色列特拉维夫后，副驾驶在驾驶舱内刺伤机长，随后乘客介入制服了事态。
The copilot allegedly stabbed the captain in the cockpit before passengers intervened aboard FlyDubai Flight FZ1073 after taking off from Dubai, UAE, with 174 people flying to Tel Aviv, Israel, on Wednesday.
该飞机于周三在沙特阿拉伯安全紧急迫降，事件正由沙特、阿联酋和以色列当局联合调查，美国和阿曼协助确定动机。
The airplane made a safe emergency landing in Saudi Arabia on Wednesday and the incident is under investigation by Saudi, Emirati and Israeli authorities, with the United States and Oman assisting efforts to determine a motive.
以色列前国家安全顾问埃亚尔·胡拉塔表示：“直到这次事件发生前，飞行员或机组人员发起威胁的可能性不被视为一种可能的情景。安保工作传统上更多地集中在乘客及其行李上。这很可能会改变，机组人员将面临更严格的安检。”以色列的安保协议高度聚焦于以色列航空公司及从本-古里安国际机场起飞的航班。一个潜在的阿喀琉斯之踵在于海外，那里针对飞往以色列航班的程序各不相同，且更难由以色列当局监管。
“Until this event, the possibility of a threat originating from a pilot or crew member was not considered a likely scenario. Security efforts have traditionally focused much more heavily on passengers and their luggage,” said Eyal Hulata, Israel’s former national security adviser. “That will probably change now and crew members will be subject to heavier screening.”Israel’s security protocols focus heavily on Israeli airlines and departing flights from Ben-Gurion International Airport. A potential Achilles’ heel lies overseas, where procedures for Israel-bound flights vary and are harder for Israeli authorities to oversee.
迪拜国际机场是全球国际客运量最繁忙的机场，其部分吸引力建立在动荡地区安全声誉之上，英国考文垂大学航空安全客座教授菲利普·鲍姆表示。
Dubai International Airport, the world’s busiest airport for international passenger traffic, has built some of its appeal around a reputation for safety in a volatile region, said Philip Baum, a visiting professor of aviation security at Coventry University in England.
他说：“他们非常清楚，在许多方面有点像以色列，他们承担不起从该机场起飞的航班发生恐怖袭击的后果。”
“They are very conscious of the fact, a little bit like Israel in many respects, that they cannot afford to have a terrorist attack happening on a flight out of there,” he said.
调查人员尚未公开透露用于刺伤机长的物品是什么，也未说明该物品是被带上飞机的，还是来自飞机内部。
Investigators have not publicly identified the object used to stab the flight’s captain or said whether it was carried onto the plane or came from inside the aircraft.
国际SOS风险管理公司高级安全顾问、波音公司前首席安全官戴夫·科门达特表示，机组人员的飞前安检通常应“非常接近乘客经历的流程”，尽管安检程序在世界各地有所不同。
Preflight screening of flight crews should generally “mirror very closely what a passenger goes through,” although security procedures vary around the world, said Dave Komendat, a senior security adviser at risk management firm International SOS and former chief security officer for Boeing.
总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡周四表示，以色列与外国航空公司有长期协议，禁止来自不与以色列保持外交关系国家的公民驾驶航班飞入该国。
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Thursday that Israel has long-standing agreements with foreign carriers to keep pilots from flying into the country if they are citizens of nations that don’t maintain diplomatic relations with Israel.
以色列当局称迪拜航空副驾驶为阿曼人。以色列与阿曼没有正式外交关系，这引发了关于嫌疑人如何最终登上飞往特拉维夫航班的疑问。
Israeli authorities have described the FlyDubai copilot as Omani. Israel and Oman do not have formal diplomatic relations, raising questions about how the suspect ended up on the Tel Aviv-bound flight.
内塔尼亚胡周四在接受福克斯新闻频道《福克斯与朋友》节目采访时表示：“显然，这里存在一个漏洞。我们正在处理这个问题。”国际民航组织制定了基准飞行员审查和执照标准，而国家监管机构和航空公司可以施加额外要求。
“Obviously, there was a loophole here. And we’re taking care of that,” Netanyahu said Thursday during an interview with Fox News Channel’s “Fox and Friends.”The International Civil Aviation Organization sets baseline pilot-vetting and licensing standards, while national regulators and airlines can impose additional requirements.
航空安全专家梅纳赫姆·巴赫拉赫表示，以色列主要依赖外国政府和航空公司审查其自身机组人员，周三的事件可能指向合规疏漏，而非程序缺陷。
Aviation security expert Menachem Bachrach said Israel relies largely on foreign governments and airlines to vet their own crew members, and Wednesday’s incident may point to a compliance lapse rather than a flaw in the procedures.
巴赫拉赫说：“在我们急于收紧安保之前，我想说这很可能是有人没有遵守规程。”
“Before we’re jumping to tighten security, I would just say it’s likely that somebody didn’t follow the protocols,” Bachrach said.
以色列国家航空公司埃尔阿尔航空定期评估飞行员的飞行适任性，而其他航空公司可能评估频率较低，航空网络安全咨询公司CYVIATION主席、本古里安机场前安全主管阿里克·阿拉德表示。
Israeli flag carrier El Al periodically assesses its pilots’ fitness to fly, while other airlines may do so less often, said Arik Arad, chairman of the aviation cybersecurity consultancy CYVIATION and El Al’s former head of security at Ben Gurion Airport.
科门达特表示，机组人员通常需要接受入职前筛查、药物测试和定期的医疗评估。他说，调查人员将会关注同事此前是否曾报告过对该副驾驶的担忧，如果有，航空公司又是如何应对的。
Flight crews typically undergo preemployment screening, drug testing and recurring medical evaluations, Komendat said. Investigators will want to know whether colleagues previously reported concerns about the copilot and, if so, how the airline responded, he said.
阿联酋和以色列的调查人员也可能会审查在迪拜航空（FlyDubai）飞机急剧下降后，地面对于该机发出的求救信号所作出的反应。
Investigators in the UAE and Israel also are likely to review responses to the distress signals that came from the FlyDubai plane after a steep drop in altitude.
一位听过迪拜航空该航班空中交通管制通讯的人士称，一名机组人员报告了劫机事件并请求救护车支援。该人士因未获授权向媒体发言而要求匿名，他表示，沙特阿拉伯和约旦当局最初拒绝批准该飞机降落。
A person who heard the FlyDubai flight’s air traffic control communications said a crew member reported a hijacking and requested ambulances. Authorities in Saudi Arabia and Jordan initially refused to clear the aircraft for landing, said the person, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak to the media.
这名机组人员最终说服了沙特当局，允许飞机在塔布克市的苏丹亲王国际机场降落。
The crew member eventually persuaded Saudi authorities to allow the plane to set down at Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Airport in the city of Tabuk.
国际航空标准要求各国为面临劫机或其他“非法干扰”的飞机提供最大程度的援助和优先权。但麦吉尔大学航空航天法研究所联席主任文森特·科雷亚表示，作为基础的1944年《国际民用航空公约》仅要求各国提供“在其认为可行的情况下”的援助，这使其成为一项“相对宽松的义务”。
International aviation standards call for countries to give aircraft facing hijacking or other “unlawful interference” maximum assistance and priority. But the underlying 1944 treaty, the Convention on International Civil Aviation, only requires a country to provide assistance “as it may find practicable,” making it a “relatively soft obligation,” said Vincent Correia, co-director of McGill University’s Institute of Air and Space Law.
专门从事国际航空法的纽约律师贾斯汀·格林表示，在实践中，国际民航组织关于被劫持飞机的指导方针可能会与国家利益发生冲突。
In practice, the International Civil Aviation Organization’s guidance on hijacked aircraft may conflict with national interests, said Justin Green, a New York lawyer who specializes in international aviation law.
格林表示：“每个国家都是主权国家，有权决定其领空和机场内发生的事情，因此一个国家可能会将自身安全利益置于飞机乘客和机组人员的安全之上。在恐怖袭击事件中，该国可能会担心恐怖分子像‘9·11’事件那样将飞机用作武器。我预计随着战争的持续，该地区的国家正处于高度戒备状态，这可能影响了他们最初的拒绝决定。”
“Each nation is a sovereign and has authority to determine what happens in their airspace and at their airports, so a nation can prioritize its security interests over the safety of the passengers and crew of an aircraft,” Green said. “In a terrorist incident, the nation may be worried about the terrorists using the airplane as a weapon like on 9/11. I expect with the ongoing war, the nations in the area are on pretty high alert and that may have played into their initial refusals.”
麦吉尔大学航空管理项目负责人约翰·格拉德克表示，在严重紧急情况下，标准做法是“无论国籍、飞行计划或政治因素如何”，都要让飞机尽快在最近的合适跑道上降落。
Standard practice in a serious emergency is to get an aircraft on the ground as quickly as possible at the nearest suitable runway, “regardless of nationality, flight plan or politics,” said John Gradek, who manages McGill’s Aviation Management Program.
格拉德克强调，目前尚不清楚为什么这架迪拜航空公司的飞机在进入约旦领空时掉头180度，然后向西南方向飞往塔布克。他说，机组人员绕过最近的机场，选择一个设备更齐全、能满足飞机需求的机场，这种情况并不罕见。
Gradek stressed it’s still not clear why the FlyDubai plane took a 180-degree turn as it crossed into Jordanian airspace before heading southwest to Tabuk. It’s not unusual for flight crews to bypass the nearest airport in favor of one better-equipped to meet a plane’s needs, he said.
内塔尼亚胡表示，这架飞机的受伤机长在抵御副驾驶袭击的过程中坚持了足够长的时间，打开了波音737的驾驶舱门，使乘客能够制服嫌疑人，并让迪拜航空的其他机组人员接管控制权并将飞机降落，从而拯救了飞机和机上的182人。
Netanyahu said the flight’s injured captain saved the aircraft and the 182 people on it by resisting the copilot’s attacks long enough to open the 737’s cockpit door, enabling passengers to subdue the suspect and other FlyDubai crew members to take the controls and land the plane.
在2001年“9·11”恐怖袭击事件后，全球各地的驾驶舱门都经过了加固并被锁定，以防止入侵者进入。迪拜航空的这起事件，以及过去由飞行员自杀导致的坠机事故，凸显了当威胁来自驾驶舱内部时所带来的风险。
Cockpit doors worldwide were reinforced and locked after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks to keep intruders out. The FlyDubai incident, and past crashes caused by a pilot committing suicide, highlight the risk when a threat comes from inside the cockpit.
鲍姆说：“航空业本身需要认识到，驾驶舱门虽然是为了防止乘客劫机而安装的，但它也创造了一座堡垒，让好人无法进入其中制止不法分子，无论是劫机者还是行为不端的机组人员。”
“The industry itself needs to recognize that flight deck door — whilst installed for very understandable reasons to prevent a suicidal hijacking by a passenger — has also created a fortress into which the good guys cannot gain access to a rogue individual, be it a hijacker or a rogue crew member,” Baum said.
为航空公司提供飞行威胁咨询服务的Osprey Flight Solutions公司首席情报官马修·博里（Matthew Borie）表示，航空公司人员更了解航空安全方面的弱点，并且能够获得他们经常接触的安检人员的信任。
Airline personnel know more about aviation security weaknesses and can gain the trust of security workers they regularly encounter, Osprey Flight Solutions Chief Intelligence Officer Matthew Borie, whose company advises airlines on flight threats, said.
“不幸的是，如果一名心怀不轨的内部人员想要实施此类行为，他们实际上最清楚哪里是安全防范最薄弱的环节，以及如何突破这些防线，”博里说道。
“Unfortunately, if an insider with nefarious intent wants to carry out something like this, they may actually be best placed to know where the most vulnerable points are and how to breach them,” Borie said.
亚马特（Yamat）从内华达州拉斯维加斯报道，马塞尔（Marcel）从纽约报道。伦敦的吉尔·劳利斯（Jill Lawless）、以色列特拉维夫的萨姆·梅德尼克（Sam Mednick）以及内布拉斯加州奥马哈的乔什·芬克（Josh Funk）对本报道亦有贡献。
Yamat reported from Las Vegas, Nevada, and Marcel from New York. Jill Lawless in London, Sam Mednick in Tel Aviv, Israel, and Josh Funk in Omaha, Nebraska, contributed to this report.