法里德·哈菲兹（Farid Hafez）是乔治城大学“桥梁倡议”（The Bridge Initiative）的高级研究员，该项目是位于华盛顿特区的伊斯兰恐惧症多年期研究项目；他同时也是弗吉尼亚州威廉斯堡威廉与玛丽学院国际关系专业的助理教学教授。
Farid Hafez is a senior research fellow at The Bridge Initiative – a multi-year research project on Islamophobia at Georgetown University in Washington, DC – and assistant teaching professor of international relations at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.
2000年，奥地利自由党（FPO）加入政府联合执政，成为欧盟首个进入政府的极右翼政党。其臭名昭著的领导人、口才出众的律师约尔格·海德（Jorg Haider）被以色列拒绝入境，自那时起，以色列便对该党实施了官方抵制。其理由在于自由党的历史：用政治学家安东·佩林卡（Anton Pelinka）的话说，“这是一个由前纳粹分子为前纳粹分子建立的政党。”海德及其他高层成员在整个职业生涯中也多次使用反犹太主义言论。2000年，因该党参与政府执政，以色列甚至召回了驻维也纳大使。
When Austria's Freedom Party (FPO) entered a government coalition in 2000, it became the first far-right party in the European Union to do so. Its notorious leader, the rhetorically gifted lawyer Jorg Haider, was denied entry to Israel, and an official boycott of the party has been in place ever since. The rationale was the FPO's history: in the words of political scientist Anton Pelinka, "it was a party founded by former Nazis for former Nazis.”Haider and other high-ranking members also used antisemitic language throughout their careers. In 2000, Israel even recalled its ambassador from Vienna over the party's participation in government.
从被排斥者到合作伙伴，此后情况发生了很大变化。与其他许多欧洲激进右翼政党一样，自由党一直致力于实现其与以色列关系的正常化。随着这些民族主义运动在从意大利到瑞典、从德国到荷兰的各国赢得更多选票并进入联合政府，他们试图将自己包装成以色列值得信赖的盟友，既是为了摆脱其反犹太主义的包袱，也是为了在国际舞台上确立自己作为可靠合作伙伴的地位。
From pariahs to partners Much has changed since. Alongside many other radical right parties in Europe, the FPO has worked to normalize its relationship with Israel. As these nationalist movements win more votes and enter coalitions from Italy to Sweden and from Germany to the Netherlands, they have tried to present themselves as trustworthy allies of Israel, both to shed their antisemitic baggage and to establish themselves as credible partners on the international stage.
2010年，一个由极右翼官员组成的代表团访问了以色列和西岸地区，旨在与以色列政界人士建立联系。他们受到了边缘极端分子的欢迎，但仍被拒之于权力核心之外。当自由党在2017至2018年再次与保守党组成联合政府时，包括议员耶胡达·格利克（Yehuda Glick）和前议会成员迈克尔·克莱纳（Michael Kleiner）在内的以色列政界人士主张与该党保持定期接触，但遭到了许多人的抵制。以色列的官方立场是，在与自由党领导的各部委公务员合作的同时，限制与部长本人进行接触。
In 2010, a delegation of hard-right functionaries visited Israel and the West Bank to build ties with Israeli politicians. They were welcomed by fringe extremist figures but still shut out of the corridors of power. When the FPO again entered a coalition with the Conservatives in 2017-18, Israeli politicians including lawmaker Yehuda Glick and former member of the Knesset Michael Kleiner advocated regular contact with the party, but many pushed back. Israel’s official line was to work with the civil servants of FPO-led ministries while limiting contact with the ministers themselves.
如今，自由民主党可以说是奥地利最成功的政党，尽管它已不再担任政府职务，但在民意调查中领先。然而，在自由党领导人赫伯特·基克尔9月中旬在斯特拉斯堡发表题为“伊斯兰主义、反犹太主义：对欧洲自由的威胁”的演讲后，他关于以色列和反犹太主义的言论引起了以色列政府最高层的热烈欢迎。
Today the FPO is arguably Austria's most successful party and leads in the polls, though it is no longer in government. Yet after FPO leader Herbert Kickl's mid-September speech in Strasbourg on "Islamism, Antisemitism: Threats to Europe’s Freedom," his remarks on Israel and antisemitism drew a wave of warmth from the highest levels of the Israeli government.
2010年，基克尔的党内同事、长期担任右翼民粹主义政治家的安德烈亚斯·莫尔策（Andreas Molzer）仍然回避任何有关奥地利纳粹历史和谋杀数百万犹太人的讨论。这一次，该党领导人首次表示，自由党必须面对其历史。他还肯定了以色列的“生存权”，并支持有争议的国际大屠杀纪念联盟对反犹太主义的定义。他认识到犹太人民与“朱迪亚和撒玛利亚”（约旦河西岸）的历史联系，这一立场实际上否认了巴勒斯坦的国家地位，并承诺如果他成为总理，将把奥地利大使馆从特拉维夫迁至耶路撒冷。
In 2010, Kickl's party colleague Andreas Molzer, a long-time right-wing populist politician, still evaded any discussion of Austria's Nazi past and the murder of millions of Jews. This time, for the first time, the party leader said the FPO must confront its history. He also affirmed Israel's "right to exist" and endorsed the contested International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism. He recognized the Jewish people's historic connection to "Judea and Samaria" (the West Bank), a stance that effectively denies Palestinian statehood, and pledged to move Austria’s embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem if he became chancellor.
以色列外交部长吉迪恩·萨尔称基克尔的言论是“重要而积极的事态发展”，这表明以色列准备与自由党展开实质性对话，尽管以色列有过去的经历。以色列大使馆的官方X账户转发了萨尔的德语声明，并称这次演讲“意义重大”，尽管奥地利犹太社区并不欢迎FPO的转变。侨民事务部长阿米猜·奇克利将斯特拉斯堡集会描述为“历史性转折点”。
Israel's Foreign Minister Gideon Sa'ar called Kickl's remarks an "important and positive development," signaling that Israel is prepared to open a substantive dialogue with the FPO despite its past. The Israeli Embassy's official X account reposted Sa'ar's statement in German and called the speech "significant," even though Austria's Jewish community has not welcomed the FPO's shift. Diaspora Affairs Minister Amichai Chikli described the Strasbourg gathering as a "historic turning point."
“执政的利库德集团已作为欧洲爱国者观察员成员加入欧洲极右翼集团，直接参加了。利库德集团政治主任阿里尔·布尔什坦、以色列议会议员阿里尔·凯尔纳和两名拉比点名感谢基克尔和欧洲议会议员哈拉尔·维利姆斯基，并称自由党是“以色列和犹太人民的朋友”。“以色列战略转向背后的4个因素以色列政府为何改变立场？有几个因素在起作用。
The governing Likud, which has already joined the European far-right bloc as an observer member of Patriots for Europe, took part directly. Likud's political director Ariel Bulshtein, Knesset member Ariel Kellner, and two rabbis thanked Kickl and FPO Member of the European Parliament Harald Vilimsky by name and called the FPO "friends of Israel and the Jewish people." 4 factors behind Israel's strategic pivot Why is the Israeli government changing its stance? Several factors are at play.
首先，激进右翼在欧洲不断壮大。德国选择党最近赢得了德国东部的两次州选举。右翼政党一直领导意大利政府，直到最近还领导荷兰政府，他们的民意调查在奥地利、英国和瑞典处于领先地位或接近领先地位。以色列向可能塑造欧洲未来的力量靠拢是有道理的。
First, the radical right keeps growing across Europe. The AfD recently won two state elections in eastern Germany. Right-wing parties have led governments in Italy and, until recently, the Netherlands, and they poll at or near the top in Austria, the UK, and Sweden. It makes sense for Israel to move closer to forces that may shape Europe's future.
其次，在过去的15年里，欧洲极右翼将自己重塑为反穆斯林，与反犹太主义的过去保持距离，并将自己重塑为“犹太教-基督教”欧洲的捍卫者。这使它能够与以色列站在一起，反对所谓的“伊斯兰”威胁。“第三，以色列国内极右势力日益正常化也起到了帮助作用。维利姆斯基最近在以色列总理内塔尼亚胡位于耶路撒冷的办公室受到接待，许多人认为这是一个历史性的转折点。利库德集团在欧洲爱国者组织的观察员地位也增加了欧洲其他潜在伙伴的政治成本。
Second, over the past 15 years, the European hard-right has recast itself as anti-Muslim, distanced itself from its antisemitic past, and reinvented itself as the defender of a "Judeo-Christian" Europe. This has allowed it to side with Israel against the supposed threat of "Islam." Third, the growing normalization of the far-right within Israel itself has helped. Vilimsky was recently received in Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office in Jerusalem, which many saw as a historic turning point. Likud's observer status in Patriots for Europe has also increased the political cost for other potential partners in Europe.
第四，也可能是最重要的是，正如萨尔的举动所表明的那样，外交已成为以色列比军事战场更重要的战场，特别是在加沙发生种族灭绝和以色列在世界舞台上日益孤立之后。赢得越来越多的极右翼选民的支持只会有助于改善以色列的形象。
Fourth, and probably most important, as Sa'ar's move shows, diplomacy has become a more critical battlefield for Israel than the military one, especially after the genocide in Gaza and Israel's growing isolation on the world stage. Winning over the growing ranks of far-right voters can only help improve Israel's image.
尚待观察的是这将如何转化为官方外交转变。截至去年，对FPO的抵制仍在酝酿之中，但新的评估似乎即将出台。这对极右翼来说将是一场巨大的胜利，不仅仅是在奥地利。
What remains to be seen is how this will translate into an official diplomatic shift. As of last year, the boycott of the FPO was still on the books, but a new assessment appears to be on the horizon. It would be a huge win for the far-right, not only in Austria.
- 本文中表达的观点是作者自己的观点，并不一定反映Anadolu的编辑政策。
*Opinions expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Anadolu.