州卫生官员本周报告称，今年以来已统计出250多例本地感染的蚊媒疾病病例。绝大多数病例出现在希尔斯伯勒县，该县包含坦帕市。
State health officials reported this week that more than 250 locally acquired cases of the mosquito-borne disease have been tallied so far this year. The vast majority of them were in Hillsborough County, home to Tampa.
联邦卫生官员表示，他们关于登革热疫情的数据有限。但来自州卫生部门和医学期刊的现有信息显示，佛罗里达州的这次疫情标志着自至少1940年代以来，任何州在一个日历年内报告的病例数最多。
Federal health officials say their data on dengue outbreaks is limited. But available information from state health departments and medical journals suggests the Florida outbreak marks the most cases in a calendar year for any state since at least the 1940s.
波多黎各持续遭受登革热重创，病例数远高于50个州中的任何一个。但在美国本土，佛罗里达州通常拥有最多的本地传播病例。该州此前最严重的一年是2023年，当时报告的本地传播病例刚刚不到200例。
Puerto Rico is consistently hit hard by dengue with numbers much higher than what’s seen in any of the 50 states. But in the continental U.S., Florida usually gets the most locally transmitted cases. The state’s previous worst year was 2023, when just under 200 locally spread cases were reported.
希尔斯伯勒县及周边县的官员已宣布进入地方紧急状态，坦帕地区的工作人员正在日夜喷洒药剂，以压低传播疾病的蚊子数量。什么是登革热？
Officials in Hillsborough and surrounding counties have declared local emergencies and workers in the Tampa area are spraying day and night to tamp down the population of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. What is dengue?
登革热（发音为DEHN'-gay）是由一种蚊子传播的病毒引起的。
Dengue (pronounced DEHN’-gay) is caused by a virus spread by a type of mosquito.
许多感染者不会发病，但部分人会出现发烧、流感样症状以及——最为人所知的——疼痛。它因部分患者经历的剧烈疼痛而被昵称为“断骨热”。严重病例可导致出血、休克和死亡。
Many infected people don’t get sick, but some experience fever, flu-like symptoms and — notoriously — aches. It’s been nicknamed “breakbone fever” for the excruciating pain some people experience. Severe cases can cause bleeding, shock and death.
今年佛罗里达州已有一例登革热死亡病例——一位坦帕年长女性于9月4日去世。
There has been one dengue death in Florida this year — an elderly Tampa woman on Sept. 4.
登革热病毒有四种类型，简称为1、2、3和4型。当某人首次感染时，其体内会终身产生针对该类型的抗体。如果他们随后感染另一种类型的登革热，来自首次感染的抗体可能无法中和第二种类型——反而可能帮助病毒进入免疫细胞并复制。这增加了开发有效疫苗的难度。
There are four types of dengue virus, simply known as 1, 2, 3 and 4. When someone is first infected, their body builds antibodies against that type for life. If they get infected with another type of dengue, the antibodies from the first infection may fail to neutralize the second type — and actually can help the virus enter immune cells and replicate. That’s made it difficult to develop an effective vaccine.
杜兰大学登革热及其他蚊媒疾病专家Dawn Wesson表示，坦帕地区大多数人对任何形式的登革热都没有预先存在的免疫力。登革热是如何传播的？
Most people in the Tampa area don’t have prior immunity to any form of dengue, said Dawn Wesson, a Tulane University expert on dengue and other diseases spread by mosquitoes. How does dengue spread?
传播登革热的喜温蚊子生活在佛罗里达州和美国其他一些较热的地区，但专家表示，由于气候变化，它们的地理分布范围一直在扩大。
几十年来，美国本土的大多数感染病例都发生在国际旅行中感染病毒的人群中，以及波多黎各的本地感染病例中。
The warm-weather mosquitoes that spread dengue live in Florida and some other hotter U.S. locales, but experts say they have been expanding their geographic reach because of climate change For decades, most continental U.S. infections were found among people who caught the virus while traveling internationally, along with locally acquired cases in Puerto Rico.
但在2009-2010年，佛罗里达州基韦斯特报告了自1945年以来，得克萨斯-墨西哥边境以外美国本土首次出现的本地感染登革热病例。
But in 2009-2010, Key West, Florida, reported the first dengue cases acquired in the continental U.S. outside of the Texas-Mexico border since 1945.
自那以后，美国各州中最大的登革热疫情发生在夏威夷，2015-2016年六个月内报告了264例本地感染病例。坦帕地区的疫情于7月首次被发现，目前已濒临超越这一数字。
The largest outbreak of dengue in any U.S. state since then occurred in Hawaii where 264 locally acquired cases were reported over a six-month span in 2015-2016 The Tampa-area outbreak, which first came to light in July, is already on the verge of surpassing that.
根据世界卫生组织的数据，全球今年已报告超过220万例感染和近1200例死亡。
Across the world more than 2.2 million infections and nearly 1,200 deaths have been reported this year, according to the World Health Organization.
Wesson表示，佛罗里达州之所以登革热病例较多，部分原因是该州接待了大量去过波多黎各或其他疫区的旅行者。
Florida tends to get a lot of dengue in part because the state receives a lot of travelers who have been to Puerto Rico or other places where the disease is present, Wesson said.
通常大多数病例集中在佛罗里达南部，迈阿密周边地区。她补充道，很难说今年坦帕地区发生了什么，但病例激增可能至少部分与旅行模式有关。
Usually most cases are in southern Florida, around the Miami area. It’s hard to say what’s happening in the Tampa area this year, but the surge may be at least partly related to travel patterns, she added.
根据州政府数据，截至上周，佛罗里达州本地感染病例实际上已超过旅行相关病例，为252例对245例。但两者很接近，希尔斯伯勒县至少有13例是在旅行者中诊断出的。
Locally acquired cases in Florida have actually surpassed travel-associated cases, by a count of 252 to 245 as of last week. But it’s close, and at least 13 Hillsborough County cases were diagnosed in travelers, according to the state.
Wesson指出，传统上CDC在这种情况会高度介入，但这次并没有。
Traditionally, the CDC would be highly visible in a situation like this, but it hasn’t been this time, Wesson noted.
美国公共卫生机构必须受州政府邀请才能介入，然而佛罗里达州官员并未请求疾控中心的疾病调查人员前往协助，疾控中心发言人杰森·麦克唐纳表示。他补充说，该机构已向州卫生部门提供了80万美元的援助。如何预防感染？
The U.S. public health agency has to be invited in by state officials, however, and Florida officials have not asked for CDC disease investigators to come in, CDC spokesman Jason McDonald said. The agency has provided $800,000 in assistance to the state health department, he added. What can you do to prevent infection?
目前疫情中心位于坦帕市以北，工作人员正在喷洒药剂消杀蚊虫。他们还在检查房产内的积水情况，包括轮胎内的积水，这些都是蚊虫可能滋生的场所。专家表示，疫区民众可自行采取防护措施。
The current outbreak is centered just north of Tampa, and workers have been spraying to kill mosquitoes. They also have been checking properties for pooled water, including in tires, where mosquitoes might breed. People in an outbreak area can take their own steps for protection, experts say.
专家称，携带病毒的蚊子全天均可叮咬，因此疫区民众涂抹经美国环保署（EPA）注册、含有避蚊胺（DEET）等有效成分的驱蚊剂至关重要。
The virus-carrying mosquitoes can bite any time of day, so it’s important for people in an outbreak area to apply EPA-ed insect repellents containing active ingredients like DEET, experts say.
穿着宽松的长袖衬衫和长裤以遮盖皮肤，增加蚊虫叮咬难度。待在室内、纱窗后或开有空调的房间内，也能降低被叮咬的几率。
Wear loose-fitting, long-sleeved shirts and long pants to cover the skin and make it harder for mosquitoes to bite. Staying indoors, behind screens or in rooms with air conditioning will also lessen the chances for a bite.
研究人员表示，这些措施在日出后和日落前后尤为重要，因为蚊子在这两个时段最为活跃。民众还应检查自家房产，清除任何可能滋生蚊虫的积水。
Those steps are especially important just after sunrise and around sunset, when mosquitoes tend to be most active, researchers say. People should also check their property and get rid of any pooled water where mosquitoes might breed.
韦森表示，气候条件和持续存在的蚊虫种群，可能使当地登革热疫情成为更频发的问题。她说：“这极有可能成为新常态。”
Climate conditions and persistent mosquito populations will likely make local dengue outbreaks a more frequent problem, Wesson said. “There’s a good chance that this is the new normal,” she said.
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