European Commission on Tuesday published a document called "Preparing for a wider Union," which sought to lay out new proposals on "the policy orientations and actions needed to prepare the [European] Union for future enlargements Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that "Europe's future depends on the choices we make today," as she tries to encourage progress at the EU's leaders' summit this month and in other upcoming talks on the matter.

The EU's executive proposed an array of changes — including a gradual integration process for would-be members, new safeguards "to ensure that commitments undertaken during accession negotiations continue to be fulfiled steadily after accession," and changes to voting rules.

They were trying to strike a balance between simplifying the accession process, incentivizing candidate countries to continue to pursue it, and to allay concerns among existing members about potential risks or costs of expansion. Why is expansion coming back into focus?

In the quarter century after the end of the Cold War, the rapidly grew from a union of 12 member states to 28, before dipping back down to 27 when the UK left following 2016's Brexit referendum.

But the process has ground to a halt ever since, with a series of candidate countries stuck in lengthy negotiations and little apparent appetite among members to continue to expand.

In recent years, amid Russia's invasion of Ukraine and signs of the US vying for increased influence in parts of Europe, theoretical interest in expansion has picked up once more But realizing the idea, with strict rules governing the accession process and the need for unanimous support among existing members for many core steps, has remained challenging.

EU enlargement: Montenegro on track to join bloc by 2028 To view this video, and What did the Commission say about expansion?

Von der Leyen said the Commission was trying to prepare institutions, adapt policies and adjust budgets to reflect shared realities to better facilitate and accommodate expansion.

"Enlargement of our Unions is a geopolitical imperative," she said. "Today, we are laying the groundwork to ensure that a larger Union is also a stronger one: more resilient, more effective, and firmly anchored in the values and rules that define us."

She said that as countries progress on their path towards reform, "the EU must be ready to welcome them." Enlargement Commissioner Marta Kos said that Brussels' assessment "shows that the EU can accommodate a larger membership." But "there are areas where we see challenges we need to address," she acknowledged.

"One is the rule of law and sincere cooperation, where we are proposing stronger possibilities to prevent backsliding, including reducing funding or restricting voting rights," Kos said.

Why the US-EU rift is spilling into the Balkans What changes are the European Commission proposing?

The Commission lays out a number of proposed changes or policies designed to smooth the accession process, including but not limited to: Moving from unanimity to qualified majority voting among members in a number of the less significant votes about advancing or progressing membership bids It makes no mention of changing the current requirement for a unanimous vote about finalizing membership applications, however Gradual and accelerated integration of candidate countries to "bring tangible benefits to citizens and businesses," but which would remain "conditional and reversible" "Stronger safeguards against serious backsliding on commitements undertaken during the acession negotiations" in future accession treaties, which could "in the most serious cases" extend to the suspension of voting rights Introducing "targeted arrangements" to "significantly limit financial support and market access" for sensitive agricultural products from candidate country Ukraine Ukraine's vast agricultural sector had prompted some concerns among EU members looking at how the bloc's budget could handle expansion, given that agriculture is a rare policy area where the bulk of spending and subsidies are orchestrated at the EU level, not by national governments All these proposals will be subject to further discussion among European leaders and governments, with the next major meeting being next week's EU leaders' summit. Should they gain traction and progress, no doubt after some alterations and amendments along the way, they would ultimately have to face and pass various voting procedures to be implemented.

What's the current situation with EU candidate countries? A total of eight countries currently have formal candidate status, meaning they are seeking to join the EU and have at least begun the often lengthy process that involves.

Some hope to join the bloc sooner rather than later, not least frontrunner Montenegro after years of negotiations. Kos told DW last week that Montenegro was currently on track to become the next EU member by 2028.

Others, like Turkey, have nominally been candidates for decades but have made no discernible progress for years.

Ukraine is the newest addition to the list having only gained full candidate status in 2024, but it is also the one with the most pressing motivation to hurry the process along amid Russia's invasion.

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, North Macedonia and Serbia are also all seeking membership.

A ninth country, Kosovo, is recognized as a potential candidate but not a formal one — with not all EU members recognizing Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia