华盛顿，10月14日：乌克兰周三表示，埃隆·马斯克的SpaceX公司限制了“军用级”Starlink服务，阻碍了乌克兰的无人机打击任务和防空行动。
WASHINGTON, Oct 14 : Ukraine said on Wednesday that Elon Musk's SpaceX had restricted "military-grade" Starlink services, hampering Ukrainian drone strike missions and air defenses.
此次投诉重新引起了人们对Starlink（SpaceX的商业卫星互联网服务）与Starshield（为五角大楼开发的军用版本）之间区别的关注。虽然马斯克表示这两套系统是分离的，但在许多情况下它们共享相同的底层卫星技术。
The complaint has drawn renewed attention to the distinction between Starlink, SpaceX's commercial satellite internet service, and Starshield, a military version developed for the Pentagon. While Musk has said the two systems are separate, in many cases they share the same underlying satellite technology.
“Starshield系统由美国政府拥有和控制，”马斯克周三在X平台的一篇帖子中表示，并补充说，任何关于速度或使用的限制均由美国军方或总统决定。“Starlink是由SpaceX拥有和控制的商业服务。Starlink的使用仅限于民用或防御性活动，不能用于进攻性军事行动，因为这样做对一家商业公司来说是不恰当的。”什么是Starlink？
"Starshield systems are owned and controlled by the US government," Musk said on Wednesday in a post on X, adding that any limits on speed or usage are decided by the US military or the president. "Starlink is a commercial service owned and controlled by SpaceX. Usage of Starlink is limited to civilian or defensive activities and cannot be used for offensive military action, as doing so would be inappropriate for a commercial company."
Starlink是SpaceX的主要利润引擎，是一个由超过11,000颗卫星组成的卫星互联网网络，这些卫星将宽带服务直接传输到大约折叠报纸大小的用户终端。其大约1300万用户范围从家庭和徒步旅行者到航运公司和主要航空公司。
WHAT IS STARLINK? Starlink, the main profit engine of SpaceX, is a satellite internet network of more than 11,000 satellites that beam broadband service directly to user terminals about the size of a folded newspaper. Its roughly 13 millionrs range from households and hikers to shipping companies and major airlines.
自2019年首次搭乘可重复使用的SpaceX火箭发射Starlink卫星以来，该公司已经建立了一个覆盖地球大部分地区的庞大低地球轨道星座，提供的连接速度快于传统通信卫星——后者通常运行在地球更远的地方，且数量要少得多。
Since launching its first Starlink satellites in 2019 aboard reusable SpaceX rockets, the company has built a vast low-Earth-orbit constellation that blankets much of the planet, delivering faster connections than traditional communications satellites, which typically operate much farther from Earth and in far smaller numbers.
Starlink在战争初期为乌克兰提供了关键的通信优势，改变了军队在战场上的运作方式。但马斯克对Starlink在某些军事用途上的使用施加了限制，同时突出了Starshield——一个为政府和军事任务开发的更安全的网络。什么是Starshield？
Starlink gave Ukraine a critical communications advantage early in the war, reshaping how militaries operate on the battlefield. But Musk has restricted Starlink for certain military uses while highlighting Starshield, a more secure network developed for government and military missions. WHAT IS STARSHIELD?
Starshield 是 SpaceX 的一个业务部门，专门为美国国防部（Pentagon）开发军事和情报卫星系统。虽然 Starshield 的任务与 Starlink 的商业宽带服务不同，但两者之间的界限并不总是那么清晰：Starshield 的安全通信服务采用了先进的加密技术及专用终端设备，但其基础设施仍然依赖于 Starlink 卫星星座。
Starshield is a SpaceX business unit that develops military and intelligence satellite systems for the Pentagon. While its missions are separate from Starlink's commercial broadband service, the distinction is not always clear-cut: Starshield's secure communications services use enhanced encryption and dedicated terminals, but rely on the vast Starlink constellation as their backbone.
据 SpaceX 称，Starshield 利用了 Starlink 在技术、工程和运营方面的经验。除了安全通信功能外，该军事化版本还能为用户提供地球观测服务，并支持搭载传感器或其他载荷。
Starshield leverages the technology, engineering and operational experiences of Starlink, according to SpaceX. In addition to secure communications, the company says the militarized version can also provide users with Earth observation and the ability to integrate sensors or other payloads.
作为 Starshield 的最大客户，美国国防部在 Starlink 和 Starshield 服务上投入了数十亿美元。据路透社 2024 年的报道，国防部还购买了专门的 Starshield 卫星，包括用于导弹预警任务的通信卫星以及为美国国家侦察局（National Reconnaissance Office）设计的间谍卫星星座。
The Pentagon, Starshield's largest customer, has spent billions of dollars on both Starlink and Starshield services. It has also bought dedicated Starshield satellites, including communications spacecraft for missile-warning missions and a spy constellation for the National Reconnaissance Office, Reuters reported in 2024.
自 2022 年俄罗斯威胁西方支持乌克兰的卫星以来，关于 Starlink 与 Starshield 之间关系的争议就一直存在。SpaceX 于同年推出了 Starshield 项目，但由于国家安全相关太空项目的保密性，这两个系统之间的具体区别仍不明确。
Questions over the relationship between Starlink and Starshield have persisted since Russia threatened Western satellites supporting Ukraine in 2022. SpaceX unveiled Starshield later that year, but the secrecy surrounding national security space programs has left the precise boundaries between the two systems opaque.
今年早些时候，当美国国防部因伊朗冲突期间军用无人机使用的卫星服务价格问题与 SpaceX 发生争执时，这些区别再次成为争议的焦点。SpaceX 认为，那些每台终端设备需支付约 5,000 美元的 Starlink 客户实际上应该使用 Starshield 服务（每台终端设备的费用约为 25,000 美元）。
Those distinctions became a point of contention earlier this year when the Pentagon clashed with SpaceX over higher prices for satellite services used by military drones during the Iran conflict, Reuters reported. SpaceX argued that some customers paying roughly $5,000 per terminal for Starlink should instead have been using a Starshield service costing about $25,000 per terminal.
英国也采用了星盾系统。英国国防部告诉路透社，在该安排下，该服务使用与星链相同的卫星星座、地面站和陆基基础设施，但通过专用终端和独立的网络网关运行。
Britain has also adopted Starshield. Under that arrangement, the service uses the same satellite constellation, ground stations and terrestrial infrastructure as Starlink, but operates through dedicated terminals and separate network gateways, Britain’s defence ministry has told Reuters.
其他美国合作伙伴也在评估该系统。新西兰国防部此前告诉路透社，新西兰正在对星盾进行试验，以评估其在军事行动中的实用性。
Other US partners are evaluating the system as well. New Zealand is doing a trial of Starshield to assess its usefulness for military operations, the New Zealand Defence Force previously told Reuters.