斯蒂文·格拉坦（Steven Grattan）/帕拉马里博（Paramaribo），苏里南——周五，秘鲁在地区人权法院面前迎来了这场具有里程碑意义的听证会的最后一天。此次听证会的核心是针对秘鲁未能保护生活在亚马逊地区与世隔绝的土著民族免受伐木活动及其他侵犯其领土行为的指控。
STEVEN GRATTAN PARAMARIBO, Suriname — Peru faced the final day of a landmark hearing before a regional human rights court Friday over allegations that it failed to protect Indigenous peoples living in isolation in the Amazon from logging and other activities encroaching on their territory.
这次为期两天的听证会在乌拉圭蒙得维的亚（Montevideo）举行的美洲人权法院（Inter-American Court of Human Rights）上进行，这是该法庭首次审理涉及秘鲁境内与世隔绝土著民族的案件。
The two-day hearing before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Montevideo, Uruguay , marks the first time the tribunal has considered a case involving Indigenous peoples living in isolation in Peru.
本案的焦点是马什科皮罗（Mashco Piro）、约拉（Yora）和阿马瓦卡（Amahuaca）这三个土著部落——他们居住在秘鲁亚马逊地区的偏远地带。土著组织指出，伐木特许权及其他入侵行为迫使外部人员进一步进入这些部落的领地，从而增加了暴力冲突的风险，同时也使这些与世隔绝的土著民族面临疾病威胁（因为他们可能对这些疾病几乎没有免疫力）。
The case centers on the Mashco Piro, Yora and Amahuaca peoples, who live in remote areas of the Peruvian Amazon . Indigenous organizations say logging concessions and other incursions have pushed outsiders deeper into forests used by the groups, increasing the risk of violent encounters and exposure to diseases to which isolated peoples may have little immunity.
“我们的许多兄弟姐妹已经失踪了，我们不希望马什科皮罗部落也遭遇同样的命运，”来自蒙特萨尔瓦多（Monte Salvado）土著社区的约拉族领袖马格林·阿尔瓦拉多·瓦尔加斯（Maglin Alvarado Vargas）对法庭表示，“他们的生死掌握在你们手中。”秘鲁方面辩称，该国已经制定了相关法律、监管机制及其他保护措施来保护这些与世隔绝的土著民族。不过，秘鲁政府并未立即回应记者的评论请求。
“Many of our brothers and sisters have already disappeared, and we don’t want the Mashco Piro to suffer the same fate,” Maglin Alvarado Vargas, a leader of the Yine Indigenous people from the Native Community of Monte Salvado, told the court. “It is in your hands whether they can survive.”Peru has argued that it has adopted laws, protocols, monitoring systems and other measures to protect isolated Indigenous peoples. The Peruvian government did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
然而，隶属于“马德雷德迪奥斯河及其支流土著联合会”（FENAMAD）的胡里奥·库苏里奇（Julio Cusurichi）表示，这些保护措施实际上并未得到有效执行。
But Julio Cusurichi, part of the Native Federation of the Madre de Dios River and Tributaries, known by its Spanish acronym FENAMAD, said those protections were not being implemented in practice.
“政府并未采取任何行动来维护这些土著民族的权利，”库苏里奇警告说，“如果这种入侵行为持续下去，他们的生存将受到威胁。”
“The government is not taking action to safeguard the rights of these peoples,” Cusurichi said. He warned that continued incursions into their territory could threaten their survival.
这起案件可以追溯到几十年前。自20世纪90年代起，FENAMAD就一直对在Mashco Piro族领地进行伐木活动表示担忧，并于2005年向美洲人权委员会寻求紧急保护。该委员会是一个独立于法院的机构，于2007年批准了相应的保护措施。
The case dates back decades. FENAMAD has raised concerns about logging in Mashco Piro territory since the 1990s and sought emergency protection from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2005. The commission, a separate body from the court, granted protective measures in 2007.
2011年，FENAMAD向该委员会提交了正式申诉。2022年，委员会认定秘鲁侵犯了Mashco Piro族、Yora族和Amahuaca族的权利。由于秘鲁未能遵守委员会的建议，该案件于2024年被提交至法院审理。
FENAMAD brought a formal petition to the commission in 2011. In 2022, the commission found Peru responsible for violating the rights of the Mashco Piro, Yora and Amahuaca. The case was sent to the court in 2024 after the commission concluded Peru had not complied with its recommendations.
支持该案件的土著权利组织“Survival International”的特蕾莎·梅奥（Teresa Mayo）表示，土著社区及其盟友希望法院能够追究秘鲁的责任，并要求加强对Mashco Piro族领地的保护，确保他们能够继续过上与外界隔绝的生活。
Teresa Mayo of Survival International, an Indigenous rights organization supporting the case, said Indigenous communities and their allies want the court to hold Peru responsible and require stronger protection of the Mashco Piro’s territory and their right to remain isolated.
“这是一次具有历史意义的审判，”梅奥说，“我们希望法院能够确保Mashco Piro族能够继续与外界保持隔绝状态，他们的土地得到充分保护。”这场争议的核心在于：是否允许在这些地区进行资源开采活动。
“This is a historic hearing,” Mayo said, adding that the groups want the court to guarantee the Mashco Piro can “remain uncontacted, with their land fully protected.”At the center of the dispute is the territory available to isolated peoples and whether extractive activities can be permitted there.
代表土著方的秘鲁法律辩护研究所律师马里察·基斯佩（Maritza Quispe）指出，该案件可能会为生活在与世隔绝状态下的土著民族的祖传土地权利问题树立一个重要的法律先例，同时也会明确政府是否有权在这些地区批准资源开采活动。
Maritza Quispe, a lawyer with Peru’s Legal Defense Institute representing the Indigenous side, said the case could establish an important precedent over the ancestral land rights of peoples living in isolation and whether governments can authorize extraction in their territories.
根据秘鲁法律，通常禁止在为与世隔绝的土著民族设立的保留地内进行任何外部活动；但基斯佩表示，法律中也存在例外条款——当当局认为存在公共利益需求时，允许对这些地区的自然资源进行开发。
Peruvian law generally bars outside activity in reserves established for isolated Indigenous peoples, but contains an exception allowing natural resources to be exploited when authorities determine there is a public necessity, Quispe said.
代表土著群体的律师之一向法庭表示，秘鲁“公然违反了”旨在保护与世隔绝土著民族的原则，这些原则包括避免与他们接触以及确保他们的领地不受外部活动的影响。
One of the lawyers representing the Indigenous groups told the court that Peru had “flagrantly violated” principles intended to protect isolated peoples, including avoiding contact with them and keeping their territories free from outside activity.
根据原住民组织的统计，马什科-皮罗族（Mashco Piro）的人口超过750人，他们主要居住在秘鲁东南部以及邻近的巴西境内。与外界的接触已经多次导致致命后果：2024年，两名伐木工在进入马什科-皮罗族领地后遭到弓箭袭击身亡；此后，有目击报告称该族群成员经常出现在活跃的伐木区域附近。
The Mashco Piro number more than 750 people and live in southeastern Peru and across the border in Brazil , according to Indigenous organizations.
对于马什科-皮罗族本身来说，与外界的接触同样存在致命风险。这些与世隔绝的土著居民对由外来者带来的常见疾病几乎没有任何免疫力，即使是普通的感冒或流感也可能对他们造成致命威胁。
Encounters with outsiders have already turned deadly. In 2024, two loggers were killed in bow-and-arrow attacks after entering Mashco Piro territory, and subsequent sightings have placed members of the group close to active logging areas.
双方现在有直到10月26日的时间来提交最终的书面论点。法院随后将进行审议并作出判决，不过具体的判决日期尚未确定。
Contact also poses a potentially deadly risk to the Mashco Piro themselves. Indigenous peoples who have lived in isolation have little immunity to common illnesses brought by outsiders, meaning even diseases such as a cold or flu could kill them.
美联社（Associated Press）的气候与环境报道得到了多家私人基金会的财政支持。美联社对所有报道内容负全责。您可以在AP.org网站上查看美联社与慈善机构合作的相关标准、支持者名单以及受资助的报道领域。
The parties now have until Oct. 26 to submit their final written arguments. The court will then deliberate and issue a judgment, though no date has been set for a ruling.