第一次世界大战的东线战场从未像西线那样受到同等关注。东线战事虽较短却更为血腥——奥匈帝国和德国对抗庞大的俄罗斯帝国——其特点不是静态的堑壕战，而是漫长的动态战线、苛刻的占领政权以及对平民的残暴暴力。
World War I’s Eastern Front has never attracted the same attention as its western counterpart. The shorter but bloodier battle in the east—which pitted Austria-Hungary and Germany against the colossal Russian Empire—was defined not by static trench warfare but long dynamic fronts, exacting occupational regimes and brutal violence against civilians.
购买《血染的潮水：中欧的长期大战，1905–1921》 哈佛大学出版社 304页 我们可能会在您通过我们网站上的链接购买产品时获得佣金。购买本书 首先，这是一个由其政治意义定义的战场。
Grab a Copy The Blood-Dimmed Tide: Central Europe’s Long Great War, 1905–1921 Harvard University Press 304 pages We may earn a commission when you buy products through the links on our site. Buy Book Above all else, it was a front defined by its political significance.
三个交战帝国被战争摧毁，取而代之的是革命政权和一系列新的民族国家。
The three belligerent empires were destroyed by the war, replaced by revolutionary regimes and a string of new nation-states.
即使西线枪声停息，东线战斗仍持续到1920年代，新政权陷入错综复杂的内战、继承战争、国家间战争和革命战争之中。
Even as the guns fell silent in the west, fighting continued in the east into the 1920s as the new regimes fought a complicated web of civil wars, wars of succession, interstate wars and revolutionary wars.
在《血染的潮水：中欧的长期大战，1905-1921》一书中，密歇根东部大学历史学教授杰西·考夫曼试图解释是什么使这个中欧战场独具特色。
In “The Blood-Dimmed Tide: Central Europe’s Long Great War, 1905-1921,” Jesse Kauffman, a professor of history at Eastern Michigan University, seeks to explain what made this Central European theater unique.
这个中欧战场大致涵盖今天的白俄罗斯、立陶宛、波兰和乌克兰，建立在波兰-立陶宛联邦的废墟之上，该联邦于18世纪末被奥地利、普鲁士和俄罗斯瓜分。
Roughly spanning today’s Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine, the Central European theater stood on the grave of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, partitioned between Austria, Prussia and Russia in the late 18th century.
特别是对于俄罗斯而言，这片领土因白俄罗斯人、立陶宛人、波兰人、乌克兰人等相互冲突的民族野心而成为持续的帝国焦虑来源。
For Russia in particular, the territory was a source of constant imperial anxiety owing to the conflicting national ambitions of the Belarusians, Lithuanians, Poles, Ukrainians and others.