还记得美国立法交流委员会(ALEC)吗?这个智囊“加工厂”为那些懒得自己干活的州议员炮制亲企业法案。它依然在默默耕耘,只是被当下那些荒诞丑闻的光芒所掩盖。《新共和》杂志报道:如果你能想出一个普通民众让大企业为危害公众利益负责的例子,那很大程度上要归功于一种单一的法律理论:公害侵权。
Remember ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council, that intellectual chop shop responsible for modeling corporate-friendly laws for state legislators too lazy to do their own jobs? Well, it’s still beavering away at its work, which has been largely obscured by the grotesque scandals of the current moment. From The New Republic:If you can think of an example of everyday people holding huge corporations accountable for harming the public, it was probably made possible in large part by a single legal theory: public nuisance.
20世纪90年代针对大烟草公司的诉讼,以公害侵权为主要依据;过去十年的阿片类药物案件,也以此为基础。它在铅漆、掠夺性借贷、水污染以及“永久性化学品”(如PFAS)的诉讼中发挥了重要作用。它是近期成功起诉Meta等社交媒体公司故意设计平台让儿童沉迷并陷入危险案件中最关键的切入点。最近,它又成为多个州针对数据中心造成空气、水和噪音污染提起诉讼的核心诉因。这可不利于商业啊!这不行!
Public nuisance was a primary basis for the litigation against Big Tobacco in the 1990s, and was the foundation of the opioid cases over the past decade. It’s played a prominent role in lawsuits on lead paint, predatory lending, water pollution, and “forever chemicals” like PFAS. It was the most important hook in recent successful cases against social media companies like Meta for designing their platforms to addict and endanger children. And most recently, it has been a key cause of action in litigation in several states against data centers for the air, water, and noise pollution they cause. Well, this is not very business-friendly, is it? This cannot stand!
但在犹他州、堪萨斯州和蒙大拿州却行得通。虽然鲜为全国关注,但这些州在今年或去年通过了法律,瓦解公害侵权作为诉因的地位——根据犹他州立法机构自身的立法研究和总法律顾问办公室的说法,这些法律将使针对数据中心和其他企业不法行为的索赔“更难以追究”。这些州并非异类,而是先行者。它们的法律与美国立法交流委员会今夏发布的一份示范法案高度相似,该委员会是企业寡头在州层面推行右翼法律的主要渠道。
But not in Utah, Kansas, or Montana. Though it largely passed under the national radar, these states enacted laws this year or last that dismantle public nuisance as a cause of action—laws that, according to the Utah State Legislature’s own Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel, will make claims against data centers and other corporate wrongdoers “more difficult to pursue.”These states are not outliers, either—they’re forerunners. Their laws closely mirror a model bill published this summer by the American Legislative Exchange Council, the corporate oligarchy’s primary conduit for enacting right-wing laws at the state level.
正如我撰写本文时,ALEC的《公共妨害改革法案》极有可能正在被分发给全国数十个州议会的共和党立法者——而大型科技公司渴望压制数据中心反对者手中的一件利器,定会排队派出游说人士推动其通过。这当然仅仅是寡头右翼向公共资源发起进攻的一个战线而已。(这些漠视后果的破坏者正是那些想在大提顿国家公园建棒球场的人。球场建成了,熊就会来……然后把你吃掉。)数据中心只是最新的冲突焦点,但废除公共妨害诉讼将让美国工业普遍获得随意破坏环境的自由。
As I write this, ALEC’s Public Nuisance Reform Act is likely being distributed to Republican legislators in dozens of state houses around the country—and you can bet that Big Tech, eager to suppress a valuable tool of data center opponents, is lining up lobbyists to coax its passage. This, of course, is merely one front in the oligarchical Right’s assault on the public commons. (These are the same heedless vandals who want to build a ballpark in Grand Tetons National Park. If you build it, the bears will come ... and they will eat you.) Data centers are the latest flash points, but blowing up public nuisances will free up American industry generally to despoil at will.ALEC recently published the Energy Producers and Consumers Protection Act, which immunizes all corporations—the fossil fuel industry, certainly, but also all other industries—from liability for any misconduct that is even marginally related to climate change, including “negligence, gross negligence, recklessness, strict liability, products liability, failure to warn, fraud, fraudulent concealment, misrepresentation, unjust enrichment,” as well as all related “criminal charges, indictments, or prosecutions.”
ALEC最近发布了《能源生产者和消费者保护法案》,该法案使所有企业——当然包括化石燃料行业,也包括所有其他行业——免于因任何与气候变化有边际关联的不当行为承担责任,涵盖“疏忽、重大疏忽、鲁莽、严格责任、产品责任、未尽警示义务、欺诈、欺诈性隐瞒、虚假陈述、不当得利”,以及所有相关的“刑事指控、起诉书或起诉”。换言之,根据这项立法,欺诈将合法化——前提是你是一家强权企业。与此同时,德州参议员特德·克鲁兹已在联邦层面提出了类似立法。
In other words, under this legislation, fraud is legal—if you’re a powerful corporation. Meanwhile, Texas Senator Ted Cruz has introduced similar legislation at the federal level.
这场右翼闪电战旨在保护大企业免因其不当行为承担责任,其范围远超气候变化议题。在联邦党人协会最近举办的一个关于企业气候豁免权的小组讨论中,“消费者联盟”执行主任O.H.斯金纳——这是保守派法律活动家伦纳德·利奥孵化的众多前台组织之一——解释称,这些努力不仅要覆盖化石燃料公司,还要覆盖从大型农业到大型科技的每一个主要行业。
This right-wing blitzkrieg to shield big business from liability for its misconduct extends far beyond the issue of climate change. On a recent Federalist Society panel about climate immunity for corporations, O.H. Skinner, the executive director of Alliance for Consumers—one of numerous front groups spun up by conservative legal activist Leonard Leo—explained that these efforts need to cover not just fossil fuel companies but every major industry, from Big Ag to Big Tech.
美国普通企业拥有加蓬毒蛇般的灵魂。这种本性在可预见的未来不太可能改变。重新对这些人进行监管是接下来面临的100个优先事项之一。
The average American corporation has the soul of a Gaboon viper. That is not likely to change in the near future. Getting back to regulating these people is another one of the 100 priorities facing whatever comes next.