如今，秘鲁黄金产业中最具影响力的力量并非纽蒙特矿业公司或布埃纳文图拉矿业公司，而是成千上万在这个南美最大产金国境内从事非法采矿的矿工。
The biggest force in Peru’s gold industry these days isn’t Newmont Corp. or Buenaventura. It’s the thousands of illegal miners digging across South America’s No. 1 gold producer.
据卡拉·萨蒙·罗斯报道，今年上半年，由于金价居高不下且监管要求相对宽松，秘鲁非法开采的黄金出口量增长了19%以上。与此同时，由于部分老矿产量下降，合法黄金出口量则减少了近6%。根据总部位于利马的秘鲁经济研究所（IPE）近期发布的一份报告，截至6月，非法黄金出口量已超过合法出口量，预计2026年将成为非法黄金出口量首次超过合法出口量的一年。
By Carla Samon Ros Illegally mined gold exports from Peru rose over 19% in the first half of this year, as high prices and loose requirements have fueled incentives for diggers in the country’s poor rural areas. Legal gold exports, meanwhile, fell nearly 6% as aging mines yield less, pushing illicit shipments above legal ones through June and putting 2026 on track to be the first year they come out on top, according to a recent report by the Lima-based think tank Peruvian Institute of Economics, IPE.
“如今，非法矿工已成为该国规模最大、势力最强的采矿群体，”秘鲁矿业协会（SNMPE）副会长冈萨洛·基詹德里亚说道。他指出，这些非法矿工不仅不断向自然保护区等禁采区扩张，“他们还越来越多地侵入正规矿场，将开采出的黄金当作自己的产品出口，却分文税款都不缴纳。”通过对比向秘鲁当局报备的合法黄金产量数据与海关出口数据，IPE的报告发现：截至6月，非法渠道产出的黄金出口量比合法出口量多出8.7吨，占秘鲁黄金总出口量的54%。
“Illegal miners are now the biggest and most powerful miner in the country,” said Gonzalo Quijandría, vice president of Peru’s main mining industry group, SNMPE. Illegal diggers aren’t just expanding into off-limits areas such as nature reserves, he said. “Increasingly, they’re invading formal mines and exporting that gold as their own without paying a dollar in taxes.”By comparing formal gold volumes reported to Peruvian authorities with customs export data, IPE’s report found that illegally sourced gold exports exceeded legal shipments by 8.7 tons through June, accounting for 54% of Peru’s total gold export volume.
不过，该研究所经济学家保拉·埃雷拉指出，这一数字可能还会更高，因为其中并未计入那些可能被走私出境的黄金。
Yet these numbers could be higher, IPE’s economist Paola Herrera said, since they don’t include gold that may be smuggled across borders.
IPE预计，今年秘鲁的非法黄金出口额将至少达到160亿美元。这一数值较2025年将增长39%，更是十年前的近9倍。同期，国际金价也上涨了近4倍。
IPE expects Peru’s illegal gold exports to hit at least $16 billion this year. That would be 39% more than in 2025 and almost nine times the value a decade ago. Over the same period, gold prices are up nearly fourfold.
纽蒙特矿业、五矿资源有限公司以及南方铜业公司等大型矿业企业都曾在秘鲁的矿区遭遇过非法矿工的侵扰。其中帕塔斯地区的波德罗萨矿业公司矿区局势最为紧张：近年来，当地因黄金开采引发的冲突已导致数十人丧生。
Big players such as Newmont, MMG Ltd. and Southern Copper Corp. have dealt with informal miners on their concessions in Peru, with tensions running especially high at Cia. Minera Poderosa SA’s mines in Pataz, where dozens of people have been killed in recent years in clashes over gold.
此事引发了围绕矿产权利的争议，在某些情况下造成项目延期、税收减少，同时增加了为满足不断增长的全球需求而过度开发资源的风险，也损害了秘鲁作为理想投资目的地的形象。
This has led to disputes over mineral rights, in some cases delaying projects and reducing tax revenues, while risking squeezing resources for rising global demand and damaging the Andean nation’s image as an attractive investment destination.
秘鲁已经失去全球第二大铜生产国的地位，仅次于刚果民主共和国。在弗雷泽研究所最新的投资吸引力指数中，秘鲁在68个采矿司法管辖区中的排名下降一位，降至第41位。上一座大型新矿在秘鲁投产是在四年前。
Peru has already ceded its position as the second-largest copper producer to the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in the Fraser Institute’s latest investment-attractiveness index, the country fell one place to 41 out of 68 mining jurisdictions. The last time a large new mine began producing in Peru was four years ago.
空白支票 秘鲁当局正努力应对非法采矿激增的问题。能源和矿业部长吉列尔莫·希诺表示，藤森庆子总统的新政府计划让一项名为Reinfo的争议性许可于年底到期；该许可经过多次延期，已延续了十年。Reinfo最初旨在暂时允许小规模矿商在完成正规化手续期间继续作业，但批评者称，这项制度反而助长了非法采矿现象蔓延。
A Blank Check Peruvian authorities are grappling with how to deal with the surge in illegal mining. Energy and Mines Minister Guillermo Shinno has said President Keiko Fujimori’s new government plans to let a controversial permit known as Reinfo expire at the end of the year after repeated extensions kept it alive for a decade. Reinfo was designed to temporarily let small-scale miners keep working while they formalize, but critics say it has instead helped illegal miners spread.
“我们给了他们一张空白支票。”基杭德里亚说。他补充称，Reinfo几乎未能促使矿商完成正规化程序，反而让他们得以“在无人监管的情况下非法采矿”。希诺部长最近告诉当地媒体，他希望以一套“简单得多”的正规化程序取代Reinfo，但未透露进一步细节。他还透露，计划精简审批程序，加快新采矿项目的推进。
“We’ve given them a blank check,” Quijandría said, adding that Reinfo gives miners little incentive to complete the formalization process and instead lets them “work illegally without anyone controlling them.”Minister Shinno wants to replace Reinfo with a “much simpler” formalization process, he recently told local media, without providing further details. He also shared his plans to cut red tape to get new mining projects moving faster.
业界对这一举措表示欢迎。基杭德里亚说，繁文缛节和薄弱的法治削弱了采矿业的竞争力，而该行业占秘鲁出口总额的60%以上。
The industry has welcomed the push, with Quijandría saying excessive bureaucracy and a weak rule of law have hurt the competitiveness of a sector that accounts for more than 60% of Peru’s exports.
“事情并不是说明天所有人就会完成正规化那么简单。”基杭德里亚说，“我们还必须充分运用法律和武力。”他表示，这意味着警方和武装部队都要参与其中。
“It’s not as simple as saying everyone will be formal tomorrow,” Quijandría said. “We’ll also have to bring the full weight of the law and force to bear,” and that means involving both the police and armed forces, he said.