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大西洋月刊

利用政府的力量赢得选举Using the Power of the Government to Win Elections

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特朗普政府正在违背政治公正性的基本承诺。保罗·罗森茨韦格提出的原则是,政府的管理应该为所有公民的利益而不是代表一个政党,这是美国民主事业的核心。特朗普政府对此毫不关心:它似乎不认为联邦政府是代表所有美国人管理的机构,而是一个机会--一套它可以用来保护其统治地位的杠杆。

The Trump administration is breaking a fundamental promise of political impartiality. By Paul Rosenzweig he principle that government ought to be administered for the benefit of all citizens, not on behalf of one political party, lies at the core of America’s democratic enterprise. The Trump administration couldn’t care less: It appears to see the federal government not as something to steward on behalf of all Americans, but as an opportunity—a set of levers it can pull on to protect its reign.

美国对行政中立原则的遵守从来都不是完美的,但作为一种规范,它受到的尊重多于违反。当我在乔治·W·布什总统领导下担任国土安全部政治任命者时。布什,国防部长、国土安全部长或司法部长会出现在政治集会上的想法是不可想象的。他们的角色对国家安全太重要了,不能冒被视为党派特工的风险。

America’s adherence to this principle of executive neutrality has never been perfect, but as a norm it has been honored more than breached. When I served as a political appointee in the Department of Homeland Security under President George W. Bush, the idea that the secretaries of defense or homeland security or the attorney general would have ever appeared at a political rally was unimaginable. Their roles were too important to national security to risk being perceived as partisan operatives.

特朗普政府的情况并非如此。其成员愿意利用他们所掌握的公共权力,尽一切努力让共和党在今年秋天的选举中占据优势--从他们的公共讲坛上为候选人竞选,将广播新闻报道推向更有利的方向,试图强行武装美国邮政服务监管邮寄投票,直至被遗忘,威胁扣留那些不选举共和党候选人的州的联邦应急管理局救济资金,发布由纳税人资金资助的亲唐纳德·特朗普的宣传,以及最粗鲁的冒犯,如果共和党获胜,向选民提供5,000美元的支票。

Not so in the Trump administration. Its members are willing to use the public power at their disposal to do what they can to give Republicans an edge in this fall’s elections—to campaign for candidates from their public pulpits, to push broadcast-news coverage in a more favorable direction, to try to strong-arm the U.S. Postal Service into regulating mail-in balloting into oblivion, to threaten withholding FEMA relief funds from those states that don’t elect Republican candidates, to release pro–Donald Trump propaganda funded by taxpayer dollars, and, the most crass offense, to offer $5,000 checks to voters if Republicans win.

其中一些策略处于法律灰色地带;其他策略则明显被禁止。但所有这些都违反了执政党不应将选举规模向自己倾斜的原则。

Some of these tactics are in a legal gray area; others are plainly forbidden. But all of them are violations of the precept that the party in power should not tilt the electoral scales toward itself.

最令人震惊的活动领域是政府官员对《哈奇法案》的完全漠视。该法律于1939年通过,对某些政府雇员施加了限制,以确保这些官员在履行行政职能时凌驾于党派政治活动之上。联邦雇员不得利用其官方权力影响选举,尽管他们可以在下班时从事政治活动,并且受限制的雇员(包括所有国家安全和执法人员)不得“积极参与”任何政治竞选活动。

The most egregious area of activity has been the total disregard administration officials have shown for the Hatch Act. The law, passed in 1939, imposes limits on certain government employees to ensure that these officials in their executive functions are above partisan political activity. Federal employees may not use their official authority to influence an election, though they can engage in political activity when they are off the clock, and restricted employees (which includes all national-security and law-enforcement personnel) may not “take an active part” in any political campaign.

该法律仍在执行,但仅针对普通联邦雇员。例如,国土安全部监察长最近发现,一些联邦应急管理局救灾人员在米尔顿飓风过后没有向带有支持特朗普标志的家庭提供援助,违反了《哈奇法案》。但在特朗普的世界里,法律是为你而不是为我而制定的。司法部长托德·布兰奇(Todd Blanche)实际上是一位连续活动家前往长岛为布鲁斯·布莱克曼(Bruce Blakeman)举行的集会上发表演讲,一位竞选纽约州州长的共和党人。

The law is still being enforced, but only against everyday federal employees. For example, the DHS inspector general recently found that some FEMA disaster responders had violated the Hatch Act when they skipped providing assistance to homes with pro-Trump signs after Hurricane Milton But in Trump world, the law is for thee and not for me. Attorney General Todd Blanche has turned out to be something of a serial campaigner traveled to Long Island to give a speech at a rally for Bruce Blakeman, a Republican running for governor of New York.

他在共和党全国委员会中期代表大会上发表演讲。他竞选来自北卡罗来纳州的参议员候选人迈克尔·沃特利(Michael Whatley)。

He gave a speech at the Republican National Committee’s midterm convention. He stumped for Michael Whatley, a Senate candidate from North Carolina.

国防部长皮特·赫格塞斯前往爱荷华州博览会支持共和党众议员扎克·纳恩。交通部长肖恩·达菲(Sean Duffy)8月在密歇根州一场支持共和党候选人的超级政治行动委员会活动上发表演讲,他将公务与对共和党候选人的赞扬融为一体。据《大西洋月刊》报道,特朗普甚至在内阁成员之间进行了秘密积分制竞赛,看看谁可以在夏天前往最多竞争激烈的众议院选区(不过,需要明确的是,并非所有这些旅行都公然违反了《哈奇法案》)。

Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth went to the Iowa State Fair to support Republican Representative Zach Nunn. Secretary of Transportation Sean Duffy gave an August speech at a super-PAC event supporting GOP candidates in Michigan in which he mixed official business with praise for a Republican candidate The Atlantic has reported Trump even went so far as to have a secret points-system competition among his Cabinet members to see who could travel to the greatest number of competitive House districts over the summer (though, to be clear, not all of that travel was overtly in violation of the Hatch Act).

谁应该对此采取什么措施?这一责任落在特别检察官办公室身上,特朗普在第二任期初期解雇了该办公室的负责人。随后,他提名了一位极右翼播客主持人作为他的继任者,这些播客过去的行为和资格非常糟糕,甚至连参议院共和党人也无法支持他尽管没有永久领导人,OSC还是设法对总统非常感兴趣的一个人发起了《哈奇法案》调查:前特别检察官杰克·史密斯(Jack Smith)这项调查是为了回应一项投诉,即史密斯寻求对特朗普快速进行刑事审判,以影响2024年大选。

Who is supposed to do anything about any of this? That responsibility falls to the Office of Special Counsel whose head Trump fired early in his second term. He then nominated as his replacement a host of a far-right podcast whose past behavior and qualifications were so poor that even the Senate Republicans could not support him Despite not having a permanent leader, the OSC has managed to launch a Hatch Act investigation of one person of great interest to the president: former Special Counsel Jack Smith The investigation is in response to a complaint that Smith sought quick criminal-trial dates for Trump as a means of influencing the 2024 election.

也许不那么令人震惊但同样令人不安的是联邦通信委员会传统中立性的侵蚀多年来,联邦通信委员会的平等时间规则(不要与更广泛的、现已被废除的公平原则混淆)是政府在不同政治派别之间中立原则的法律体现。该规则要求,如果广播公司允许候选人出庭,则“应为所有其他此类候选人提供平等的机会”担任该职位。

Perhaps less egregious but no less troubling has been the erosion of the traditional neutrality of the Federal Communications Commission For years, the FCC’s equal-time rule (not to be confused with the broader, now-repealed fairness doctrine) was the legal embodiment of the principle of the government’s neutrality among the different political factions. The rule required that if a broadcaster allowed a candidate to appear, it “shall afford equal opportunities to all other such candidates” for that office.

对于真正的新闻事件来说,这是可能的。该规则通常被解释得相当宽松--例如,允许《今日好莱坞霍华德·斯特恩秀》等节目在广播中接待政治候选人,而不要求其对手也被允许这样做。

Exceptions were possible for bona fide news events. The rule has generally been interpreted quite leniently—allowing, for example, programs such as Access Hollywood Today The Howard Stern Show to host political candidates on the air without requiring their opponents be allowed the same.

在特朗普的联邦通信委员会主席布伦丹·卡尔(Brendan Carr)的领导下,该机构已经完善了利用其权力威胁其认为反特朗普的广播公司的做法。2026年1月下旬,FCC发布了针对深夜电视主持人的新“指南”,有效地扭转了长期以来的宽大处理。一些电视网的回应是改变了他们在节目中的内容。哥伦比亚广播公司从斯蒂芬·科尔伯特的深夜节目中抽出了对来自德克萨斯州竞选参议员的民主党人詹姆斯·塔拉里科的采访。

Under Trump’s FCC chairman, Brendan Carr, the agency has perfected the use of its authority to threaten broadcasters it perceives as anti-Trump. In late January 2026, the FCC issued new “guidance” aimed at late-night-TV hosts effectively reversing the long-standing leniency. Some networks responded by changing what they put on their shows. CBS pulled an interview of James Talarico the Democrat from Texas running for Senate, from Stephen Colbert’s late-night show.

毫无疑问,FCC所做的最值得注意的努力涉及其对ABC的痴迷追求。影响该电视台节目的努力始于2025年底,当时卡尔敦促美国广播公司(迪士尼旗下)在吉米·金梅尔对查理·柯克的死发表了拙劣的评论后将其撤下。卡尔在出现在右翼播客中时表示:“我们可以用简单的方式或艰难的方式来做到这一点。坦率地说,这些公司可以找到改变行为的方法,对Kimmel采取行动,否则FCC未来将面临额外的工作”--这似乎是一个不那么隐晦的许可行动威胁。尽管金梅尔被停赛,但他最终重返空中。

Without a doubt, the single most noteworthy effort the FCC has undertaken involves its obsessive pursuit of ABC. The effort to influence the network’s programming began in late 2025 when Carr urged ABC (owned by Disney) to pull Jimmy Kimmel from the air after he inartfully commented on Charlie Kirk’s death. Appearing on a right-wing podcast Carr said: “We can do this the easy way or the hard way. These companies can find ways to change conduct, to take action, frankly, on Kimmel, or there’s going to be additional work for the FCC ahead”—seemingly a not-so-veiled threat of licensure action. Though Kimmel was suspended, he eventually returned to the air.

卡尔对此并不满足(或者也许对Kimmel重新播出感到愤怒),他在四月份对ABC持有的所有八个FCC许可证进行了早期审查。据称,作为审查的理由,FCC质疑该网络的多样性和包容性实践。

Not content with this (or perhaps angered that Kimmel was put back on the air), Carr moved, in April, to conduct an early review of all eight FCC licenses held by ABC. As purported grounds for the review, the FCC questioned the diversity and inclusion practices of the network.

美国广播公司(ABC)于8月提起诉讼,试图阻止审查,声称这是报复性的,违反了第一修正案。

ABC filed a lawsuit in August seeking to forestall the review, claiming that it was retaliatory and in violation of the First Amendment.

FCC认为ABC的诉讼为时过早,尚未决定是否对该公司采取执法行动。但仅仅威胁审查就已经够糟糕的了。特朗普/卡尔的压力运动正在发挥作用。

FCC contends that ABC’s lawsuit is premature—that it has yet to decide whether to take enforcement action against the company. But the mere threat of a review is bad enough. The Trump/Carr pressure campaign is working.

7月,特朗普向全国发表讲话,美国广播公司决定不播出。但它确实将其进行了直播(通常不会这样做),以减轻报复威胁。同样,历史上曾接待政治候选人的The View在Talarico露面后开始调查后也停止了这样做。现在,在选举的风口浪尖上,美国广播公司决定在其广播中停止对塔拉里科的Kimmel采访,而是将其转播到YouTube上。

In July, Trump gave an address to the nation, and ABC decided not to broadcast it. But it did put it on livestream (which it would not normally have done) as a way of mitigating the threat of retaliation. Likewise, The View which historically has hosted political candidates, has stopped doing so after the FCC began an investigation following an appearance by Talarico. ABC has now, on the cusp of the election, decided to withhold a Kimmel interview of Talarico from its on-air broadcast, punting it to YouTube instead.

毫无疑问,这些执法行动的政治性质。在警告深夜电视主持人(特朗普的忠实拥护者认为是自由派的一群人)平等时间规则的适用性后,卡尔立即澄清说,谈话电台(以保守倾向而闻名)不受这一指导的约束。正如唯一一位民主党提名的联邦通信委员会专员安娜·戈麦斯所说,这次行动是“政府审查和控制言论的更广泛运动的一部分”最后,考虑一下一项将政府机构屈服于特朗普的政治利益的努力(至少到目前为止)邮寄投票不太成功,幸运的是,特朗普上个月在最高法院败诉了,无论正确与否,特朗普似乎认为选举日投票有利于共和党,因此他试图利用自己对政府的权力让邮寄投票变得更加困难。

There can be no doubt whatsoever as to the political nature of these enforcement actions. Immediately after warning late-night-TV hosts (a group Trump loyalists perceive as liberal) about the applicability of the equal-time rule, Carr clarified that talk radio (known for its conservative tilt) was not subject to this guidance. As the lone Democratic-nominated FCC commissioner, Anna Gomez, put it, the action was part of the “administration’s broader campaign to censor and control speech Finally, consider one effort to bend the institutions of government to Trump’s political benefit where he has (at least to date) been less successful—mail-in voting, a case which, mercifully, Trump lost in the Supreme Court last month Correctly or not, Trump seems to believe that Election Day voting favors Republicans, and thus he has attempted to use his power over the government to make mail-in voting more difficult.

这一努力的核心是特朗普的行政命令“确保联邦选举中的公民身份验证和诚信”,尤其是他指示美国邮政局起草一项为邮寄选票建立“统一标准”的规则。

Central to that effort was Trump’s executive order “Ensuring Citizenship Verification and Integrity in Federal Elections” and more particularly his direction to the USPS to draft a rule establishing “uniform standards” for mail-in ballots to be implemented.

这种止痛药的提法被隐藏起来,因为马萨诸塞州地方法院描述了一项相当严厉的最终规则,该规则要求州和地方选举官员将选票信封提交给美国邮政局批准,然后向美国邮政局提供每个邮寄选民的身份,以供输入联邦政府运营的电子门户网站。这些要求的执行机制将会非常严格:如果选票信封没有批准,就无法输入选民数据。如果没有选票设计批准、智能条形码和选民数据登记,美国邮政将拒绝向选民递送邮寄选票。

This anodyne formulation concealed, as a Massachusetts district court described a rather more draconian final rule which would have required state and local election officials to submit their ballot envelopes to the USPS for approval and thereafter provide the identity of each mail-in voter to the USPS for input into a federal government-run electronic portal. The enforcement mechanisms for these requirements would have been stringent: Absent approval of the ballot envelope, no voter data could have been input. And without ballot-design approval, intelligent barcodes, and voter-data registration, the USPS would have refused to deliver mail ballots to voters.

每个州的邮寄投票程序都将以邮寄信封标准为幌子获得联邦批准。在向最高法院提出的上诉中,总检察长将这一要求比作“邮寄火葬遗骸和复制炸药的类似准备要求”。他进一步辩称(尽管行政命令的标题如此),该规则只是美国邮政局的一项规定,而不是为了联邦化对选举的控制。

Every state’s mail-in-ballot process would have been subject to federal approval under the guise of mailing-envelope standards. In his appeal to the Supreme Court, the solicitor general likened this requirement to “analogous preparation requirements for the mailing of cremated remains and replica explosives.”He further contended (notwithstanding the title of the executive order) that the rule was simply a regulation of the USPS and not meant to federalize control of the elections.

尽管迄今为止没有成功,但特朗普滥用邮政服务与他利用联邦政府为其政党谋取利益的总体计划是一回事。这实际上是对邮政服务“普遍服务”义务的否定--除非国会特别授权,否则不得拒绝邮件--旨在将美国邮政服务局的中立性转变为政治大棒。

Even though it has, thus far, been unsuccessful, Trump’s misuse of the postal service is of a piece with his overall project of using the federal government to his party’s advantage. It is effectively a repudiation of the postal service’s“universal service” obligation—the mandate not to refuse mail unless specifically authorized to do so by Congress—with intent to convert the USPS’s neutrality into a political cudgel.

当政客们重新利用政府行动来帮助自己维持权力时,他们就违背了政府在提供服务和福利方面公正性的基本承诺。特朗普对行政中立原则的攻击尚未在美国文化中扎根。如果这样做,我们失去的将远远不止是众议院或参议院的控制权;我们将失去人民意愿占上风的可能性。

hen politicians repurpose government action to help themselves maintain power, they are breaking a fundamental promise of governmental impartiality in providing services and benefits. Trump’s assault on this principle of executive neutrality has not yet taken root in American culture. If it does, we will lose far more than control of the House or the Senate; we will lose the possibility that the will of the people can prevail.