俄罗斯已请求越南租赁其配备机组人员和维护服务的客运飞机，因为该国于2022年从西方租赁公司扣押的机队正在老化，且该国最大航空公司近五分之一的飞机已停飞。交通部长安德烈·尼基廷表示，莫斯科已提议由越南航空公司通过“湿租”方式将飞机转移给俄罗斯航空公司——这种安排涵盖飞机、机组人员、维护和保险——而河内方面正在研究该提议。越南的主要航空公司仅运营空客和波音飞机，这意味着任何向俄罗斯的转移都将涉及西方制造的飞机。
Russia has asked Vietnam to lease its passenger jets complete with crews and maintenance, as the fleet it seized from Western lessors in 2022 deteriorates and nearly a fifth of the country's largest airlines' planes sit grounded. Transport Minister Andrei Nikitin said Moscow had proposed that Vietnamese carriers transfer aircraft to Russian airlines under wet lease — an arrangement that covers jets, crew, maintenance and insurance — and that Hanoi was studying the proposal. Vietnam's main carrier exclusively operates Airbus and Boeing aircraft, meaning any transfer to Russia would involve Western-built planes.
这种做法带来了与埃塞俄比亚此前拒绝类似提议时相同的次级制裁风险，因为企业可能因协助受制裁的机型为俄罗斯航空公司运营而面临美国处罚。迄今为止，俄罗斯向亚洲、非洲和中东其他国家提出的类似请求均未取得任何成果。俄罗斯向越南提出的请求表明，其被扣押并拆解的客机机队状况已恶化到何种程度——这些飞机是通过存在法律争议的重新注册获得的，且其零部件不符合国际适航标准。
That creates the same secondary sanctions risk that led Ethiopia to decline a similar proposal, as companies could face US penalties for facilitating the operation of sanctioned aircraft types on behalf of a Russian carrier. Approaches to other countries in Asia, Africa and the Middle East have so far produced nothing. Russia's request to Vietnam shows how far Russia's seized and cannibalised fleet of passenger jets — built on legally contested re-registrations and parts that do not meet international airworthiness standards — has deteriorated.
拼凑维修方案2022年2月俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰后，西方国家对俄实施制裁，莫斯科随即通过一项法律，允许航空公司将超过400架从西方租赁的飞机在国内重新投入使用，而非归还给租赁方。根据国际航空法，同一架飞机不得进行双重注册，这意味着俄罗斯的重新注册行为属于非法。然而，国际民用航空组织（ICAO）并无强制手段要求这些飞机被归还。
Cobbling things togetherWhen sanctions were imposed after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Moscow passed a law allowing airlines to re- more than 400 foreign-leased Western aircraft domestically rather than return them to their owners. Under international aviation law, dual registration of a single aircraft is prohibited, meaning Russia's re-registrations are illegal, but the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) has no enforcement mechanism to compel their return.
租赁方已提出总计约80亿美元（71亿欧元）的保险索赔以弥补损失，但许多案件仍在审理中。在全面入侵乌克兰之前，俄罗斯900架商用飞机中约有850架为美国波音公司或欧洲空客公司制造，其中约85%来自外国公司的租赁。如今，由于西方零部件和技术服务已被制裁，航空公司只能从被扣押的机队中拆解零件用于维修，这进一步加剧了法律问题的复杂性。
Lessors have filed insurance claims totalling around $8 billion (€7.1bn) to recover their losses, with many cases still ongoing. Before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, roughly 850 of Russia's 900 commercial aircraft were US and European-made Boeing or Airbus planes, of which around 85% were leased from foreign companies. With Western spare parts and technical services now sanctioned, airlines have been cannibalising the seized fleet for components, making legal matters worse.
根据国际适航标准，每个零部件都必须有经过认证且可追溯的维护记录。从脱离西方认证维护体系的飞机上拆下的零部件，依法不得用于国际运营的飞机。俄罗斯航空监管机构Rosaviatsia却自行向此类零部件签发认证，但这些认证并未获得欧盟或美国航空当局的认可。在俄罗斯11家最大航空公司运营的673架飞机中根据俄罗斯工业数据，其中130架，即近五分之一，尚未投入运营。
Under international airworthiness standards, every component must have a certified and traceable maintenance history. Parts stripped from aircraft cut off from Western-certified maintenance chains cannot legally be used on internationally operated aircraft. Russia's aviation regulator Rosaviatsia has been issuing its own certificates for such parts, which are not recognised by the EU or US aviation authorities. Of 673 aircraft operated by Russia's 11 largest airlines, 130 or nearly one-fifth are not in service, according to Russian industry data.
正常停机率约为10%。俄罗斯国际航空集团以外的航空公司的情况更糟：其322架飞机中有93架（接近三分之一）处于闲置状态。客机没有煤油吗？燃料供应是一个单独的问题。据Verstka报道，至少26个主要机场实施了加油限制。在圣彼得堡、加里宁格勒、叶卡捷琳堡、喀山、乌法、伊尔库茨克和符拉迪沃斯托克的机场，燃油配给至单趟航班所需的量。
The normal downtime rate is around 10%.Airlines outside the Aeroflot group are in worse shape: 93 of their 322 planes, close to a third, are idle. No kerosene for passenger jets? Fuel supply is a separate problem. Restrictions on refuelling have been introduced at at least 26 major airports, according to the outlet Verstka. At airports in St Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Ufa, Irkutsk and Vladivostok, fuel is rationed to the volume needed for a single flight.
限制在俄罗斯南部最为严格：索契、伏尔加格勒和阿斯特拉汗已对所有航空公司实施了限制。乌克兰无人机对俄罗斯炼油厂的袭击导致燃料产量减少，政府作为回应限制了航空燃料出口。交通部、工业部和国家国防集团俄罗斯科技集团也在讨论征收新的乘客税，以资助购买和运营国产飞机，据俄罗斯媒体报道。费用估计高达500卢布每张国内机票（5.22欧元），最多1，000卢布（10.44欧元）用于国际航班。
Restrictions are most severe in southern Russia: Sochi, Volgograd and Astrakhan have applied limits to all carriers. Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian oil refineries have reduced fuel production, and the government has restricted aviation fuel exports in response. The transport ministry, industry ministry and state defence conglomerate Rostec are also discussing a new passenger levy to fund the purchase and operation of domestically produced aircraft, according to Russian media. The charge is estimated at up to 500 roubles (€5.22) per domestic ticket and up to 1,000 roubles (€10.44) for international flights.
俄罗斯国产MC-21和Tu-214喷气式飞机的运营成本比它们要取代的波音和空客飞机高得多，需要国家或乘客补贴才能对航空公司保持可行。分析师警告说，更高的票价可能会减少乘客数量并削减航空公司收入。
Russia's domestically produced MC-21 and Tu-214 jets are significantly more expensive to operate than the Boeing and Airbus aircraft they are meant to replace, requiring state or passenger subsidies to remain viable for airlines. Analysts warn that higher fares could reduce passenger numbers and cut airline revenues.