伊拉克拟禁止广受欢迎的导航应用Waze，该应用由以色列公司开发。
Iraq is set to ban the popular navigation app Waze, which was founded in Israel.
通信部长穆斯塔法·萨纳德于周二宣布了这一决定。此消息引发了伊拉克国内热议：该国能否开发出自己的替代应用？禁止某一应用是否真能保护用户的位置数据？伊拉克最终做出了什么决定？原因何在？
Communications Minister Mustafa Sanad announced the move on Tuesday. It has prompted discussions in Iraq over whether the country can build its own alternative and whether banning one app protects users’ location data. What has Iraq decided and why? The Ministry of Communications plans to block the use of Waze by the end of December, according to the Iraqi newspaper Al-Mada.
据伊拉克《Al-Mada》报报道，通信部计划于12月底前屏蔽Waze的使用。萨纳德向媒体Rudaw透露，禁令将于2027年初正式生效。
Sanad told the broadcaster Rudaw that it would take effect some time at the start of 2027.
这一公告是在伊拉克北部半自治的库尔德地区首府埃尔比勒举办的Hitex 2026科技展览会上发布的。萨纳德表示：“由于该应用源自以色列、由以色列开发，我们决定于2027年初予以禁止。”
He made the announcement on the sidelines of the Hitex 2026 technology exhibition in Erbil, the capital of the semiautonomous Kurdish region in northern Iraq. “Because it comes from the entity [Israel] and is Israeli-made, we will ban it at the beginning of 2027,” he said.
Waze是一款以色列开发的移动卫星导航应用，图中为特拉维夫的一名用户正在使用该应用[]。那么，Waze究竟是什么？
Waze, an Israeli mobile satellite navigation application, is seen on a smartphone in Tel Aviv [File: Nir Elias/Reuters] What is Waze? Waze is a widely used navigation app.
Waze是一款广受欢迎的导航应用，众多驾车者乃至出租车司机都依赖它来规划路线。该服务依靠用户实时反馈交通拥堵情况、事故信息以及警察检查站的位置。
Hundreds of motorists, including taxi drivers, use it to get around. The service relies on users to report traffic jams, accidents and police checkpoints as they happen.
该应用由以色列公司开发，2013年谷歌以近10亿美元的价格将其收购。
It was developed in Israel, and Google bought it in 2013 for nearly $1bn.
根据用户设置的不同，Waze的隐私政策允许其收集用户的位置信息、行驶路线、目的地、搜索记录以及设备详情。这些海量数据经过长期积累后具有极高的安全价值，因为它们能够反映人们的出行规律、高峰时段以及异常变动情况。
Waze’s privacy policy lets it collect users’ locations, routes, destinations, search histories and device details, depending on their settings. Pooled across many users over time, such data have security value because they can reveal movement patterns, peak times and unusual changes.
Rudaw报道称，由于Waze的警报功能可帮助用户避开检查站，该应用此前已在伊拉克引发过安全层面的讨论；不过萨纳德并未将禁令与此事挂钩。
Rudaw reported that the app has been the subject of security discussions in Iraq over its alerts being used to avoid checkpoints although Sanad did not link the ban to that issue.
众多出租车司机都使用Waze。为何在伊拉克，与以色列的关联如此重要？
Many taxi drivers use Waze [Abdullah Rashid/Reuters] Why does the Israeli connection matter in Iraq?
伊拉克既不承认以色列，也未与其建立外交关系；自1948年起，两国便处于正式战争状态。
Iraq does not recognise Israel or have diplomatic relations with it and has formally been at war with it since 1948.
2022年颁布的一项法律将任何与以色列的外交、政治、军事、经济或文化联系定为犯罪行为，相关处罚包括终身监禁甚至死刑。该法律在拥有329个席位的国民议会中以275票赞成的结果获得通过。
A 2022 law criminalises any diplomatic, political, military, economic or cultural ties with Israel. Its penalties include life imprisonment and the death penalty. It was passed by 275 votes in the 329-seat Council of Representatives.
该法律适用于所有伊拉克公民、国家机构、媒体，以及在该国运营的私营企业和外国实体，包括库尔德地区。
The law applies to all Iraqi citizens, state institutions and media as well as private companies and foreign entities operating in the country, including the Kurdish region.
2026年10月1日，与伊朗结盟的伊拉克“人民动员部队”成员在巴格达解放广场上践踏美国和以色列国旗。[哈迪·米兹班/美联社] 萨纳德并未明确指出必须依据反正常化法封锁Waze应用。
Members of Iraq’s Iran-allied Popular Mobilisation Forces, an umbrella group of Shia militias, ride over US and Israeli flags in Tahrir Square in Baghdad on October 1, 2026 [Hadi Mizban/AP] Sanad has not specifically said Waze must be blocked under the antinormalisation law.
美以两国对伊朗发动战争后，伊拉克民众对以色列的不信任情绪进一步加剧。美国及其盟友对与伊朗结盟的伊拉克民兵组织实施了空袭及经济制裁。
Distrust of Israel has been bolstered by the US-Israel war on Iran. The United States and its allies have targeted Iraq’s Iran-aligned militias with air strikes and economic measures.
战争期间，伊拉克还遭遇了严重的以色列渗透事件。今年5月，美国媒体报道称，以色列在伊拉克沙漠深处建立了两处秘密军事据点，用以支持其对伊朗的军事行动。
During the war, Iraq also faced a serious case of Israeli infiltration. In May, US media reported that Israel had built two secret military outposts deep inside Iraq’s desert to support its war on Iran.
其中一处据点险些被当地牧羊人发现，该牧羊人发现后随即遭杀害。政府提供了哪些替代方案呢？萨纳德表示，用户可改用谷歌地图或伊拉克本土导航应用。
One post was nearly exposed by a local shepherd who stumbled upon it and was killed. What alternatives is the government offering? Sanad said users could switch to Google Maps or Iraqi navigation apps.
通信部发言人奥马尔·阿米里在《Al-Mada》报的报道中称，Waze将被一款尚未命名的伊拉克本土应用取代。他还表示，这款应用运行不会出现技术问题。
Communications Ministry spokesman Omar al-Amiri said in remarks carried by Al-Mada that Waze would be replaced by a yet-to-be-named Iraqi app. He said the app would run without technical problems.
《Al-Mada》还援引伊拉克技术研究员穆斯塔法·卡梅尔·沙里夫的观点称，要打造一款能替代Waze的本土应用，仅靠一个带有伊拉克地图和标志的程序远远不够。
Al-Mada also quoted Iraqi technology researcher Mustafa Kamel al-Sharif as saying a national alternative would take more than an app with an Iraqi map and logo.
沙里夫指出，该应用还需要精准的地理数据库、实时更新的道路网络、路线规划系统以及关于交通状况、事故及道路封闭情况的实时数据。
It would need accurate geographic databases, a constantly updated road network, routing systems and live data on traffic, accidents and closures, he said.
他还向该报表示，问题的核心在于伊拉克如何监管公民数据，毕竟其他服务也可能收集类似Waze所收集的敏感信息。目前仍有哪些问题尚未明确呢？
He also told the newspaper that the crux of the issue lies in how Iraq regulates its citizens’ data and other services may also collect sensitive data similar to Waze. What remains unclear?
该部尚未说明封锁将如何执行，也未说明是否涵盖库尔德地区。该部亦未阐明禁令的法律依据，或伊拉克本土应用何时上线。
The ministry has not said how the block will be enforced or whether it will cover the Kurdish region. It has also not set out the ban’s legal basis or said when the Iraqi app will launch.
另一个未解之谜是，为何由同一母公司Alphabet旗下的Google地图仍可使用，或可作为替代方案。
Another unknown is why Google Maps, owned by the same parent company, Alphabet, would remain available or serve as an alternative.
政府也未解释为何此时禁用Waze，因为其以色列背景早已为人所知。
The government has also not answered why Waze is being banned now when its Israeli roots have been long known.