帕夫洛·奥利尼克，25岁，表示他加入了敌方部队以逃脱俄罗斯的俘虏。他在2024年顿巴斯地区被俘之前，是乌克兰武装部队的一名上尉。
Pavlo Oliynyk, 25, says he joined enemy forces to escape Russian captivity. Before his capture in the Donbas region in 2024, he was a senior lieutenant for Ukraine's armed forces.
作为战俘，他表示自己曾遭受电击、殴打和心理折磨。因此，当他收到加入马克西姆·克里沃尼斯营的邀请时 — — 该营以一位著名的17世纪哥萨克指挥官命名 — — 他接受了。
As a prisoner of war (POW), he says he was electrocuted, beaten, and psychologically tortured. So when he received the offer to join the Maksym Kryvonis battalion — named after a famous 17th-century Cossack commander — he accepted.
奥利尼克表示，他想利用这个机会前往前线，以便逃往乌克兰控制的领土。德国之声通过他的律师成功联系到了奥利尼克。
Oliynyk says he wanted to use this opportunity to reach the front lines, so he could escape to Ukrainian-controlled territory. DW was able to contact Oliynyk through his lawyer.
“乌克兰志愿者”主要由战俘组成。关于由乌克兰战俘和乌克兰武装部队前军人组成的俄罗斯作战部队的报道始于2022年底。最初形成了若干分队，2026年8月，这些分队被合并为所谓的“乌克兰志愿者特种部队旅”。在这些分队中，马克西姆·克里沃尼斯营或许因显然参与战斗而受到最多的公众关注。其真实规模尚不清楚 — — 俄罗斯媒体报道称约有200名战斗员，而现有影像仅显示几十人。
'Ukrainian volunteers' consist mostly of POWs Reports of Russian combat units consisting of Ukrainian prisoners of war and former servicemembers of Ukraine's armed forces began emerging in late 2022. Several detachments were initially formed and in August 2026, they were merged into the so-called "Ukrainian Volunteer Special Forces Brigade." Of the individual units, the Maksym Kryvonis battalion has perhaps drawn the most public attention for having evidently taken part in combat. Its true size is unknown — Russian media reports claim about 200 fighters while available footage only suggests several dozen.
乌克兰公共广播公司Suspilne的调查团队已识别出超过30名成员，并确认他们都是在2023年至2024年间被俄罗斯军队俘虏的前乌克兰军人。
An investigative team of the Ukrainian public broadcaster Suspilne has identified over 30 members and confirmed they are all former Ukrainian servicemen, captured by Russian forces between 2023 and 2024.
“模仿”俄罗斯为乌克兰而战的军团。欧洲政策分析中心的俄罗斯外交政策和防御专家帕维尔·卢津认为，这些部队是俄罗斯志愿军团和俄罗斯自由军团的“模仿” — — 这两个部队由俄罗斯公民组成，隶属于乌克兰武装部队 — — 这是莫斯科试图转移注意力的一种尝试，即这些部队本就不该存在。乌克兰情报部门倾向于同意这一观点。
An 'imitation' of Russian legions fighting for Ukraine Pavel Luzin, an expert for Russian foreign policy and defense at the Center for European Policy Analysis, believes these units are an "imitation" of the Russian Volunteer Corps and the Freedom of Russia Legion — units in the Ukrainian armed forces, consisting of Russian citizens — and an attempt by Moscow to distract from the fact that these units exist in the first place. Ukrainian intelligence services tend to agree.
他们对俄罗斯人站在乌克兰一方作战感到不满，但乌克兰人却不会站在俄罗斯一方作战，"乌克兰战争的作者和退伍军人叶夫根·希巴洛夫对德国之声表示。他补充说，俄罗斯军队从未试图掩盖这样一个事实：俄罗斯志愿部队在乌克兰军队中的存在是俄罗斯军队希望为自己建立乌克兰部队的主要原因。这些战斗部队究竟有多自愿？
"It bothers them that Russians would fight on Ukraine's side, but Ukrainians won't fight on Russia's side," Yevhen Shybalov, author and veteran of the war in Ukraine, tells DW. He adds that Russian troops have never tried to hide the fact that Russian volunteer units in Ukrainian ranks were the main reason Russian forces wanted to create Ukrainian units for their owns ranks. Just how voluntary are these combat units?
2025年，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（OHCHR）报告称，在接受采访的被释放的乌克兰战俘中，有95%的人表示在俄罗斯俘虏期间遭受了酷刑或虐待。
In 2025, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported that 95% of the released Ukrainian POWs interviewed reported torture or ill-treatment during Russian captivity.
国际正义与问责委员会（CIJA）执行主任比尔·怀利表示，返回作战人员的身心状态引发了对其征兵是否自愿的严重怀疑。基辅的人权组织公民自由中心的米哈伊洛·萨瓦指出，针对该营若干成员的刑事程序表明，这些战斗人员可能是自愿转换阵营的。
Bill Wiley, executive director of the NGO Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA), says that the physical and psychological state of the returned combatants raises serious doubts that their recruitment was voluntary. Mykhailo Savva of the Center for Civil Liberties, a Kyiv-based human rights organization, points to the criminal procedures running against several of the battalion members, which he says indicates that these suggest the combatants had switched sides voluntarily.
但自愿征兵与非自愿征兵之间的界限在哪里？曾被俘28个月的战争老兵和人权活动家马克西姆·布特凯维奇表示，俄罗斯俘虏中的条件使得这一界限难以区分。一方面，他说，那里充斥着持续的压力氛围；另一方面，一些俘虏出于思想亲近而脱离也不是不可能的。乌克兰战俘是如何被迫加入俄罗斯军队的？
But where to draw the line between voluntary and involuntary recruitment? The war veteran and human rights activist Maksym Butkevych, who spent 28 months as a prisoner of war, says the conditions in Russian captivity make that line hard to distinguish. On the one hand, he says, there is a constant atmosphere of pressure, and on the other hand, it's not implausible that some prisoners defected out of ideological proximity. How were Ukrainian prisoners made to join Russian forces?
Butkevych告诉DW，在2022年至2023年期间，所有乌克兰战俘都收到了“或多或少持续地”加入俄罗斯军队的邀请。在他身上，他回忆说，是在遭受严重虐待之后发生的。“他们向我们展示了他们可以对我们做任何他们想做的事情，”这位老兵解释道，“这就是为什么我们应该同意一切。”老兵希巴洛夫报告了类似的经历。他谈到迫使人承认战争罪行，或招募成员加入俄罗斯情报部门的尝试，并告诉DW，所有战俘首先被审讯，然后在胁迫下被提出某些建议。
Butkevych tells DW that between 2022 and 2023, all Ukrainian prisoners of war had received offers, "more or less persistently," to join the Russian army. In his case, he recounts, it was after he had been severely mistreated. "They showed us they could do anything they wanted to us," the veteran explains, "which was why we should agree to everything." The veteran Shybalov reports similar experiences. He speaks of attempts to force confessions of war crimes, or to recruit members for Russia's intelligence services, and tells DW all prisoners were first interrogated and then made certain propositions under duress.
“你可以用酷刑让人招供，但随后会出现一个困难的时刻，你需要给他们一把武器，”他说。“这就是为什么这更多是关于心理压力，以及迫使自愿顺从。”Butkevych用自己的经历证实了这些说法。但两位老兵都表示，他们从未遇到过愿意加入俄罗斯部队的人。征兵后会发生什么？
"You can torture people to get them to confess, but there comes the difficult moment when you need to give them a weapon," he says. "That's why it's more about psychological pressure, and forcing voluntary compliance." Butkevych confirms these accounts with his own tales. But neither veteran has ever met someone willing to join Russian units, they say. What happens after conscription?
来自马克西姆·克里沃尼斯营的奥利尼克说，他最初多次拒绝加入俄罗斯军队的邀请。他说他只接受了第四次邀请，以便能够逃脱。
Oliynyk, from the Maksym Kryvonis battalion, says he initially turned down multiple bids to join Russian forces. He says he only accepted the fourth offer so he could flee.
他声称他没有签署国防部的官方文件，而是与一名提供军事服务的个人签订了一份私人合同。之后，他说，他被带到一个房间，在那里他听到了讲座，看到了视频和照片，后来被要求复述这些内容。
He claims he didn't sign official Defense Ministry paperwork, but a private contract with an individual offering military services. Afterwards, he says, he was brought to a room where he heard lectures and saw videos and photos he was later asked to retell.
普京的外国雇佣兵 控制与虐待 他表示，马克西姆·克里沃尼斯营的 fellow servicemembers 既包括自愿转阵营的人，也包括被迫转阵营的人。
Putin's foreign fighters Control and mistreatment He says fellow servicemembers in the Maksym Kryvonis battalion consisted both of those who had switched sides of their own volition, and those who had been forced.
在网上流传的一段据称是乌克兰审判的视频中，他还表示，该单位的前乌克兰战俘被私人军事公司“红ut”雇佣的雇佣兵跟踪和看守。在同一段视频中，他还提到遭受殴打和酷刑，并表示每月领到的工资是由俄罗斯军事情报成员分发的信封装的。
In a video circulating online that appears to be of a trial in Ukraine, he also says that former Ukrainian POWs in the unit were followed and guarded by mercenaries of the private military company Redut. In the same video, he also speaks of beatings and torture, and receiving monthly wages in envelopes handed out by a member of Russia's military intelligence.
他告诉德国之声，他曾被发过一部手机，但因担心乌克兰境内处于持续监控之下，他不敢给任何人打电话。他否认曾与乌克兰人交战，称自己于2025年3月在首次被派往顿涅茨克省之前就逃离了。他说，他在穿过一片田野后，在地下室和房屋中躲避无人机两天，之后才与乌克兰武装分子取得联系。
He tells DW he had been given a phone, but that he was too scared to call anyone in Ukraine because it was under constant surveillance. He denies having fought against Ukrainians, as he fled in March 2025 before his first deployment in the Donetsk province. After running across a field, he says he spent two days hiding from drones in basements and houses before making contact with Ukrainian fighters.
如今，奥利尼克在乌克兰已被拘留近两年，当局正在调查他可能涉嫌叛国。他尚未被正式起诉。
Now, Oliynyk has been in detention in Ukraine for nearly two years while authorities investigate possible treason. He has yet to be formally charged.