奥列克桑德尔·库尼茨基 2026年10月11日 2022年俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰后，格鲁吉亚成为代孕妊娠的中心。德国之声采访了父母以及希望成为父母的人，讨论了这个蓬勃发展的行业背后的隐藏成本。
Oleksandr Kunytskyi October 11, 2026 Georgia became a hub for surrogate pregnancies after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. DW spoke with parents, and those who wanted to become parents, about the hidden costs of a booming industry.
俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，代孕行业大部分转移到了格鲁吉亚。三年前，来自汉堡的奥尔加（40岁）和丹尼尔（均为化名，以保护其身份）决定使用代孕母亲的服务。但代孕在德国是非法的，通过代孕出生的子女的父母必须在德国法院寻求父母身份的法律承认。
After Russia's invasion of Ukraine, much of the surrogacy industry shifted to Georgia Three years ago, Olga, 40, and Daniel (both names changed to protect the their identities) from Hamburg decided to employ the services of a surrogate mother. But surrogacy is illegal in Germany, and people whose children are born through surrogacy must pursue the legal recognition of their parenthood in German courts.
奥尔加是德国公民，但出生并在俄罗斯长大。这就是这对夫妇想要了解更多关于俄罗斯代孕市场的原因。但自2022年起，外国客户被禁止参与俄罗斯的代孕合同。俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰后，许多在代孕母亲和意向父母之间进行中介的国际机构搬到了格鲁吉亚。于是，奥尔加和丹尼尔前往那里。
Olga is a German citizen, but was born and raised in Russia That's why the couple wanted to learn more about the surrogacy market in Russia. But foreign customers have been banned fromg Russian surrogacy contracts since 2022. After Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine many international agencies that liaise between surrogates and intended parents moved to Georgia So, Olga and Daniel traveled there.
格鲁吉亚：代孕母亲的新目的地 近年来，格鲁吉亚——一个位于高加索地区的山地国家——已成为一种代孕中心，来自世界各地的女性前往此地担任代孕母亲。根据格鲁吉亚公共服务发展署的数据，2023年全国共有超过3000名代孕母亲。自2012年以来，她们已生下超过5000名儿童。自俄罗斯在乌克兰战争爆发以来，代孕母亲所生子女的数量激增。虽然估计2021年约有300名代孕母亲分娩，但到2023年这一数字跃升至超过1100人。
Georgia the new destination for surrogate mothers In the past years, Georgia, a mountainous country in the Caucasus region, has become a sort of surrogacy hub, with women traveling from all over the world to work as surrogates. According to Georgia's Public Service Development Agency, over 3,000 surrogate mothers wereed in 2023 across the country. Since 2012, they've given birth to over 5,000 children. And since the beginning of Russia's war in Ukraine, the number of children born to surrogate mothers has skyrocketed. While an estimated 300 surrogate mothers gave birth in 2021, that number leapt to over 1,100 by 2023.
安娜斯塔西娅，39岁，是一名在格鲁吉亚工作的俄罗斯代孕母亲。她有一个成年女儿，并且已经完成了三次代孕妊娠。她的第一次是在2021年，她用这笔收入来支付房产的首付款。
Anastasia, 39, is a surrogate mother from Russia working in Georgia. She has a grown daughter and has already seen through three surrogate pregnancies. Her first was in 2021, which she used to finance a property down payment.
美国的代孕：通往父母身份的另一条道路 要观看此视频，Anastasia 表示她在俄罗斯完成了前两次代孕，第三次代孕（为一对日本夫妇，通过莫斯科诊所分支机构安排）是在格鲁吉亚进行的。与许多代孕母亲一样，她在胚胎植入后返回俄罗斯，并在怀孕22周时返回格鲁吉亚。
Surrogacy in the US: a different path to parenthood To view this video , and Anastasia says she completed her first two surrogacies in Russia, and her third — for a Japanese couple, brokered through the branch office of a Moscow clinic — in Georgia. Like many surrogate mothers, she went home to Russia after the embryo was implanted, and returned to Georgia when she was 22 weeks pregnant.
“我和另一位携带双胞胎足月的代孕母亲住在同一套公寓里。这个项目对我来说是最简单、最实用的，但也许我只是运气好，遇到了合适的诊所，”Anastasia 对德国之声说。“其他在格鲁吉亚生孩子的女性告诉我，她们遇到了困难。例如，生完孩子后，她们必须等很长时间才能拿到报酬。”她说她准备再次成为代孕母亲。
"I live in an apartment with another surrogate mother who carried twins to term. This program was the easiest and most practical one for me, but maybe I just got lucky with the right clinic," Anastasia told DW. "Other women who gave birth in Georgia told me they had difficulties. For example, after giving birth, they had to wait a long time before they were paid." She says she's ready to become a surrogate mother again.
估计各不相同，但格鲁吉亚大约有19家诊所提供此类服务。而在第比利斯或巴统的机构，平均服务费用约为45,000欧元（50,400美元）至55,000欧元，仅为其他国家机构收费的大约三分之一。
Estimates vary, but there are about 19 clinics that offer such services across Georgia. And at around €45,000 ($50,400) to €55,000, the average service costs for agencies in Tbilisi or Batumi are only about a third of what agencies in other countries charge.
多位在格鲁吉亚诊所生孩子的代孕母亲告诉德国之声，她们的平均收入在18,000欧元至28,000欧元之间，例如生双胞胎的话还会有额外奖金。
Several surrogate mothers who gave birth in Georgian clinics told DW that their average salary was between €18,000 and €28,000, with premiums added for birthing twins, for example.
乌克兰代孕母亲需求旺盛 丹尼尔和奥尔加告诉德国之声，他们花了数月时间寻找格鲁吉亚的代孕机构。"没过多久，我们就获得了来自俄罗斯、乌克兰、哈萨克斯坦和格鲁吉亚的女性名单，并收到了关于整个流程的详细说明，以及能够帮助处理法律事务的律师联系方式。"他们回忆道。"我们有点担心，不是所有机构都能就某些代孕母亲的健康状况给出明确答案。"
Surrogate mothers from Ukraine in demand Daniel and Olga told DW that they spent months looking for surrogacy agency in Georgia. "Pretty soon, we had access to a list of women from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Georgia, and were given a detailed description of the process, along with the contact information of lawyers who could help take care of the formalities," they recount. "We were a little concerned that not every agency could give clear answers about the health of some of the surrogate mothers."
两人均在医疗领域工作，奥尔加表示，也许他们关于身体健康和潜在遗传疾病的一些问题过于深入。"我们挑选了一位30岁的乌克兰女性，她之前曾为一对欧洲夫妇当过一次代孕母亲。"她说。该俄格机构安排了一次半小时的Zoom通话，"但奥尔加补充说，这显然不足以做出最终决定。"
Both work in the medical field, and Olga says perhaps some of their questions about the physical health and possible genetic disorders might have been too probing. "We picked a 30-year-old woman from Ukraine who had already been a surrogate mother once for a European couple," she says. The Russian-Georgian agency set up half-hour long Zoom call, "but that hardly seemed enough to make a final decision," Olga adds.
2024年春天，这对夫妇前往格鲁吉亚首都会见了埃琳娜（为保护其身份，名字已更改）。经过长时间的讨论，机构起初似乎不愿同意将她带到第比利斯会面。埃琳娜给来自汉堡的夫妇留下了良好的第一印象，她向他们展示了自己孩子的照片，并表示想用赚到的钱翻新自己的公寓。"他们最初告诉我们，代孕母亲将在整个怀孕期间住在第比利斯租住的公寓里，"奥尔加和丹尼尔告诉德国之声。"
In the spring of 2024, the married couple traveled to Georgia's capital to meet Elena (her name has been changed to protect her identity). Following a long discussion, the agency had seemed reluctant when they agreed to bring her to Tbilisi for the meeting. Elena made a good first impression on the couple from Hamburg, showing them pictures of her children and telling them she wanted to use the money she earned to renovate her apartment. "They had initially told us that the surrogate would spent the entire pregnancy living in a rented apartment in Tbilisi," Olga and Daniel tell DW.
但后来我们发现，埃琳娜将在胚胎植入后返回乌克兰老家几个月，而乌克兰目前正处于战争状态。"人权专家批评格鲁吉亚法律存在漏洞，人权律师尼诺·博格瓦尔泽告诉德国之声：该法律仅规范了代孕母亲、意向父母和诊所之间的关系，但未考虑机构所扮演的角色。
"But then we found out that Elena was going back home for a few months after the embryo was implanted, back to Ukraine, where there's war." Human rights experts criticize legislation Georgian laws have a weak spot, the human rights lawyer Nino Bogveradze tells DW: They only regulate the relationship between the surrogate mothers, the intended parents, and the clinics, but they do not consider the roles that agencies play.
在格鲁吉亚，代孕母亲的权利有限。与她们的怀孕、医疗护理或付款相关的大多数问题并未受到国家法律的规范，而是由相关方之间的合同决定。而且，国家并未为社会保障或合同条款设定最低标准。
In Georgia, surrogate mothers have limited rights. Most concerns related to their pregnancy, medical care or payment are not regulated by national law but in contracts between the involved parties. And the state does not set minimum standards for social guarantees or contractual terms.
非洲各地的代孕法律和规定差异很大。胚胎植入后，代孕母亲不允许保留孩子、退出项目或终止妊娠。包括人权观察和国际妇女健康联盟在内的多个人权组织表示，格鲁吉亚的既定做法侵犯了女性的生殖自决权。
Surrogacy laws and rules vary widely across Africa After an embryo has been implanted, surrogate mothers are not allowed to keep the child, leave the program, or end the pregnancy. Several human rights groups, including Human Rights Watch and the International Women's Health Coalition say the established practice in Georgia violates women's rights to reproductive self-determination.
以物质利益为导向的机构“机构经常宣称他们有特殊使命，帮助人们实现拥有孩子的梦想，”利兹大学的奥尔加·多列茨卡娅对德国之声说。“但事实上，他们主要受财务利益驱动。这就是他们利用代孕母亲处境艰难的情况，并施压准父母的原因。”奥尔加和来自汉堡的丹尼尔持此观点。“我们一直被施压，要尽快做出决定。我们必须赶时间，因为显然还有几对夫妇也对我们的代孕母亲感兴趣，”奥尔加说。
Agencies guided by material interests "Agencies often speak of their special mission to help people have the child they've been dreaming of," Olga Doletskaya from the University of Leeds tell DW. "But in reality, they're primarily driven by financial interests. And that's why they exploit the precarious situation of surrogate mothers, and pressure intended parents." Olga and Daniel from Hamburg agree. "We were constantly being made to understand that we should decide as quickly as possible. We had to hurry because apparently several other couples were also interested in our surrogate," Olga says.
机构还一直强调，他们自掏腰包将潜在的代孕母亲带到格鲁吉亚，尽管这在合同中并未约定。“某个时候，一位代表注意到我的情绪状态，问我想继续无子女多久，”奥尔加回忆道。“我觉得自己被操纵了。”这对夫妇带着复杂的情绪返回德国，决定至少暂时搁置雇佣代孕母亲的想法。
And the agency kept stressing that it had paid out of pocket for bringing the potential surrogate mother to Georgia, despite that not being contractually agreed. "At some point, a representative noticed my emotional state and asked me how long I wanted to remain childless," Olga recounts. "I felt like I was being manipulated." The couple returned to Germany with mixed feelings and decided to shelve the idea of employing a surrogate mother — at least, for now.
马克·谢伊德和阿斯雅·洛基纳对本文有贡献，文章最初以俄文发表。
Mark Sheider and Asja Lokina contributed to this article, which originally appeared in Russian.