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美国移民与海关执法局正在加速推进一项耗资1亿美元的国内监控计划：该计划将在20多个城市及哥伦比亚特区部署142名情报人员。据合同与监控领域的专家分析，此举将极大提升该机构干预民众私人生活的权限。
Immigration and Customs Enforcement is fast-tracking a $100 million domestic surveillance program to put 142 intelligence agents in more than two dozen cities and the District of Columbia, in what contracting and surveillance experts said would be a significant expansion of the agency’s ability to reach into private lives.
这项新计划名为“执法与驱逐行动监控及国家安全执法计划”，简称ERO ONE。相关文件已于上月发布在联邦采购网站上。
The new program is called the Enforcement and Removal Operations Overwatch and National Security Enforcement, or ERO ONE, described in documents posted last month on federal procurement websites.
根据该计划的工作说明，情报人员将对机密及非机密信息进行分析，以识别“各类趋势、模式、关联性、潜在威胁以及情报空白”，并为移民与海关执法局的执法与驱逐行动提供情报简报。一周前发布的预测文件则指出，相关招标公告预计将于12月10日发布。情报合同领域的专家推测，移民与海关执法局很可能在2月左右正式签署合同。
More from Whitney Curry Wimbish Under the program, agents would analyze classified and unclassified information to identify “trends, patterns, relationships, threats, and intelligence gaps,” and provide ICE with briefings for Enforcement and Removal Operation missions, according to a statement of work published on September 18. A forecasting document published a week earlier said that the solicitation will likely be released on December 10. Intelligence contracting experts said the timeline suggests ICE will award the contract around February.
美国公民自由联盟言论、隐私与技术项目的高级政策分析师杰伊·斯坦利指出：“这项计划看起来极像是在组建一个内部间谍机构，实在令人担忧。这简直就是一场噩梦的开端。”他还强调，政府很可能不仅利用该计划对付非法移民，还会用来监控其他所有民众，包括政敌。前军事情报分析员迈克尔·里斯顿在《Daily Prospect》报道特朗普政府突击搜查明尼苏达州进步派众议员伊尔汉·奥马尔位于华盛顿特区的住所的消息时表示：“在ERO ONE计划下，此类事件预计还会频繁发生。”
“It looks dangerously like the construction of an internal spying agency,” said Jay Stanley, senior policy analyst with the American Civil Liberties Union’s Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, who has written extensively on immigration agencies’ mass surveillance. “It’s a nightmare in the making.”It’s also a weapon that the government will likely use against not only undocumented immigrants, but everyone else, too. That includes political enemies, intelligence experts said. Speaking with the Prospect on Monday as news broke that the Trump regime had raided progressive Minnesota Rep. Ilhan Omar’s D.C. home, former military intelligence analyst Michael Wriston said that “you’d expect to see more of this” under ERO ONE.
“不一定非得是现任国会议员，任何人都可能成为目标，尤其是移民群体中的成员，”里斯顿说道，“没有人能幸免，一个都没有。”该计划并未明确说明移民及海关执法局借助这一增强后的监视能力究竟在寻找什么或谁。不过，引发前情报承包商担忧的因素之一便是：ERO ONE特工将对机密及非机密信息加以分析，从而生成关于“网络关系、联系纽带及人际关联”的报告。
“Not just necessarily sitting members of Congress, but anyone, and especially members of the immigrant community,” Wriston said. “No one is safe. No one.”THE PLAN DOES NOT SPECIFY WHAT OR WHOM ICE is looking for with this increased spying capability. But one of the components that caused former intelligence contractors’ concern was that ERO ONE agents will analyze both classified and nonclassified information to produce “network, link and relationship” analyses.
此类分析不仅涉及对目标人物的调查，还会涵盖与其有联系的所有人，包括同住者、家人、朋友、熟人，甚至是与其拼车上班的人。
That type of analysis involves researching not only a target, but also every other person to whom they’re connected, including household members, family members, friends, acquaintances, or the person with whom they carpool to work.
根据相关工作说明，承包商需负责开展分析研究，“以识别并评估个人、组织、地点、事件、活动、数据点及其他实体之间的相互关系”。他们需对各类信息进行梳理，找出“已知、已报告或潜在的关系；反复出现的规律；组织结构；各类关联；交汇点；时间或地理上的联系，以及所有与既定情报需求相关的其他关联信息”。随后，承包商还需“评估这些关系的重要性与可信度”，并“制作关系图谱、网络示意图、时间线、分析摘要、书面评估报告或其他相关材料”供移民及海关执法局使用。
According to the statement of work, contractors will be tasked with conducting analytical research “to identify and assess relationships among individuals, organizations, locations, events, activities, data points, and other entities.”They will review information to identify “known, reported, or potential relationships; recurring patterns; organizational structures; associations; areas of convergence; temporal or geographic connections; and other linkages relevant to the assigned intelligence requirement.”Contractors will then “evaluate the significance and reliability” of the relationships and “prepare link charts, network diagrams, timelines, analytical summaries, written assessments, or other related products” for ICE to use.
里斯顿指出，军方情报人员也会开展同类研究。他对此深有体会，因为他本人就曾从事过这份工作。
Military intelligence agents compile the same type of research, Wriston said. He knows because he did that job.
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“这种情况我们屡见不鲜。这简直就是‘帝国回旋镖’效应，”Wriston说道。他同时也是一名数据记者，还是负责监督美国移民与海关执法局的机构“Project Salt Box”的创始人。在第一份相关文件公开当天，他便针对ERO ONE项目进行了报道，此后也持续撰写相关文章。“类似的情况多年来在阿富汗、伊拉克、也门、叙利亚屡次发生。如今这种运作模式又被引入到了ICE的工作中。”
“We’ve seen this time and time again. It’s the imperial boomerang,” said Wriston, who is also a data journalist and the founder of ICE watchdog group Project Salt Box, where he reported on ERO ONE the day the first document went live and has written about it since. “These are the kinds of things that happened in Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Syria, for years. Now that methodology is being brought into the ICE space.”
联邦政府的相关文件同样并未详细说明特工们将分析的信息来源，仅规定所有特工必须持有此前获批的有效绝密安全许可，并具备接触敏感隔离信息的资格。这类信息必须通过由国家情报总监管理的特定管控系统才能获取，而该职位目前由特朗普的盟友杰伊·克莱顿担任。这些特工无权决定如何处理他们所收集到的信息。
Federal documents likewise do not detail the specific sources of information agents will analyze, only that all agents must possess previously awarded active top secret clearance, with eligibility to access Sensitive Compartmented Information. That’s a type of information that must be accessed through certain formal control systems managed by the Director of National Intelligence, a position held by Trump ally Jay Clayton. The agents will not make any decisions about what to do with the information they compile.
Wriston指出，除了ICE官员试图将移民问题上升为国家安全议题这一点外，目前尚不清楚为何该机构还需要设立这一项目——毕竟他们已有负责目标调查工作的国土安全调查局，正是该部门实施了针对奥马尔住所的突袭行动。他最担心的是，这一项目会让政府更容易找到那些因害怕被遣返而躲在家中的移民。
Wriston said that except for the fact that ICE officials are trying to make immigration a matter of national security, it’s unclear why they need this program when they already have the Homeland Security Investigations unit, which conducted the raid on Omar’s house, to research targets. His immediate worry, he said, is that the program will make it easier for the government to find terrified immigrants hiding at home because they think they’ll be safe there.
根据相关工作说明，ICE计划派遣142名特工及两名项目管理人员前往以下地区：亚特兰大、波士顿、布法罗、芝加哥、达拉斯、华盛顿特区、丹佛、底特律、埃尔帕索、哈林根（德克萨斯州）、休斯顿、拉古纳尼格尔（加利福尼亚州）、洛杉矶、迈阿密、新奥尔良、纽约、纽瓦克、费城、菲尼克斯、盐湖城、圣安东尼奥、圣地亚哥、旧金山、西雅图、圣保罗以及威利斯顿（佛蒙特州）。
ICE PLANS TO SEND THE 142 AGENTS, plus two project managers, to locations in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, D.C., Denver, Detroit, El Paso, Harlingen (Texas), Houston, Laguna Niguel (California), Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Paul, and Williston (Vermont), according to the statement of work.
曾为美国国土安全部工作25年的政府承包商布赖恩·墨菲指出，文件中的详细内容以及紧迫的时间安排都表明，特朗普政府打算立即启动该计划。他还表示，政府通常很少只招募那些拥有最高机密安全许可的工作人员。
Details in the document, and the rapid timeline, show that the Trump administration intends to use the program immediately, said Brian Murphy, a government contractor who worked for 25 years with ICE parent agency DHS. It’s rare for the government to only want workers with top secret clearance, he said.
“只有在急需处理某项任务时，才会出现这种情况，”他向《Prospect》杂志说道，“特朗普的任期还有两年，他等不及了……他们希望立刻着手实施。”
“I’ve only seen it when there is an imminent need to work on something right now,” he told the Prospect. “Trump has two years in office. He can’t wait … they want to get rolling on this immediately.”
该计划的涵盖范围极为广泛，因此墨菲认为其目的并不仅限于针对移民。“我认为情况比这更复杂，”他说，因为该机构可以借助所获情报来打击那些身份或观点不符合特朗普政权心意的人。“对国土安全部而言，真正的问题在于：他们究竟想打击什么样的威胁？”墨菲指出，联邦政府可以轻易修改“威胁”的定义，并编造相应数据作为依据；他举例称，每年发布的《国土安全威胁评估》就是如此。
The program description is so broad that Murphy said he thinks the goal goes beyond targeting immigrants. “I think it’s darker than that,” because the agency could use the intelligence to attack people with identities and views the Trump regime doesn’t like. “The question for DHS is, what is the threat they’re trying to go after?”The federal government can easily change who qualifies as a threat and produce data that backs up the reasoning, Murphy said, and used as an example annual Homeland Threat Assessments.
2020年时，时任国土安全部部长查德·沃尔夫曾将白人至上主义极端分子称为“国内最持久且最具杀伤力的威胁”；但到了去年，这一表述便从报告中消失，仅在术语表里出现过一次。整份报告则着重将特朗普政府所关注的议题——如越境进入美国的移民以及跨国犯罪组织——列为国家安全威胁。
In 2020, Secretary of Homeland Security Chad Wolf identified white supremacist extremists as “the most persistent and lethal threat in the Homeland.”But by last year, that threat had disappeared from the report, except to appear once in a glossary of terms. The rest of the report focused heavily on Trump administration priorities as national security threats, including immigrants crossing the border with Mexico and transnational criminal organizations.
此外，蕾妮·古德与亚历克斯·普雷蒂遭谋杀的事件也反映出，政府将反对ICE绑架行为的抗议者视为长期存在的威胁。在名为NSPM-7的国家安全指令中，特朗普总统将反法西斯抗议者定性为国内恐怖分子，并提议建立相应机制以遏制和打击异议声音。
In addition, the murders of Renee Good and Alex Pretti have shown how the government views protesters against ICE abductions as an abiding threat. In a national security directive known as NSPM-7, President Trump identified anti-fascist protesters as domestic terrorists and proposed an architecture to disrupt and counter dissent.
“如果你想编造一个叙事，把美国面临的真正威胁说成是你想要的任何东西，你很容易就能做到。你只需停止收集民兵组织的情报，”墨菲说。“这跟其他任何警察国家一样。如果你要求它找点什么东西，把我的对手定性为敌人，那它就能做到。”
“If you want to draw a narrative that the real threat to America is whatever you want it to be, you can very easily do that. You just stop gathering intel on militias,” Murphy said. “It’s like any other police state. If you ask it to find something to make my opponents the enemy, well, you can do that.”
墨菲说，法律责任应该是任何竞标ERO ONE合同者的主要担忧，因为不清楚他们被要求获取的信息是否合法收集。他补充道：“他们加快推进这件事，非常、非常令人担忧。”美国公民自由联盟（ACLU）分析师斯坦利指出，多年来，各机构的移民官员一直在过度使用监控工具，包括他们的“Stingray”基站模拟器、自动车牌识别器，以及通过手机追踪位置的工具。
Legal liability should be a major concern for anyone who bids on the ERO ONE contract, Murphy said, because it’s unclear whether the information they’d be charged with accessing had been gathered legally. He added, “It’s very, very concerning that they’re fast-tracking this.”Stanley, the ACLU analyst, noted that immigration officials across agencies have been using an excessive amount of surveillance tools for years, including their “Stingray” cell tower simulators, automatic license plate readers, and tools that track location from cellphones.
他们使用一款名为Mobile Fortify的面部识别和生物特征采集应用程序，一款名为ImmigrationOS的Palantir应用程序来追踪移民的行踪，并从LexisNexis购买数据以确定某人的家庭和工作经历。情报专家表示，ERO ONE将汲取所有这些信息，加上扩大后的来源群体，深入挖掘其想要调查的任何人的私人生活。
They use a facial recognition and biometric collection app called Mobile Fortify, a Palantir app called ImmigrationOS to track immigrants’ movements, and buy data from LexisNexis to identify someone’s family and work history. ERO ONE would draw on all of that information, plus an expanded group of sources to reach into the private lives of anyone it wants, intelligence experts said.
负责该文件的采购专家戴安娜·布罗齐表示，ICE已经知道ERO ONE的潜在竞标者是谁。她告诉《展望》杂志，该机构不太可能举办行业日，并拒绝提供更多信息。
ICE already knows its potential bidders for ERO ONE, said Diana Brozi, the procurement specialist listed on the document. She told the Prospect it was unlikely the agency would hold an industry day and declined to provide further information.
国土安全部没有回应关于该计划可能被用于监视政治敌人的说法的置评请求。
DHS did not respond to a request for information or comment on the claim that the program could be used to spy on political enemies.