坐落于里斯本前摩尔人区之下的鲁阿·杜·贝恩福尔莫索街，是一条两旁布满装饰着阿苏莱若斯（装饰瓷砖）的破旧建筑的蜿蜒街道。街道两旁排列着印度食品店和售卖水烟管及手机的商店。居住在此已逾60年的葡萄牙女性皮耶达对这里的变化感到不满。“这里有毒品和犯罪，”她说。“我只能待在家里。”鲁阿·杜·贝恩福尔莫索街已成为大规模移民潮的象征。
Nestled beneath Lisbon’s former Moorish quarter, the Rua do Benformoso is a winding street of decaying buildings faced with azulejos (decorative tiles). It is lined with Indian food shops and stores selling hookah pipes and mobile phones. Piedade, a Portuguese woman who has lived here for over 60 years, dislikes what has happened to it. “There’s drugs and crime,” she says. “I stay inside at home.”The Rua do Benformoso has become the symbol of a massive wave of immigration.
葡萄牙人习惯于来自其前殖民地巴西和非洲的移民，他们讲同样的语言，融入社会相对容易。但2017年至2024年间，超过110万移民涌入，使外籍人口占比从总人口的4%上升至14%。新来者包括25万南亚人，主要是年轻单身男子。其中许多人几乎不讲葡萄牙语。移民问题成为公众关注的焦点。新兴民粹右翼政党“足够”（Chega，意为“够了”）在2025年的议会选举中获得了23%的选票。
The Portuguese are accustomed to migrants from their former colonies in Brazil and Africa, who speak the language and integrate fairly easily. But between 2017 and 2024 more than 1.1m immigrants took the foreign-born population from 4% to 14% of the total. The new arrivals included 250,000 South Asians, mainly young single men. Many of them speak almost no Portuguese. Immigration became a top public concern. Chega (“Enough”), a new populist right-wing party, won 23% of the vote in a parliamentary election in 2025.
“我们失去了控制，”葡萄牙前欧盟委员会委员安东尼奥·维托里诺说。他表示，“重建移民监管体系的可信度”变得至关重要。2024年上台的中右翼政府，由路易斯·蒙特内格罗领导，着手实施这一目标。政府要求移民办理适当签证，重新成立边防部队，将获得公民身份的时间延长至七至十年，并限制家庭团聚。同时，政府还为关键岗位工人引入了快速通道签证。“我们不是关上大门、实行‘逆向移民’的政府，”负责改革的部长安东尼奥·莱塔奥·阿马罗表示。净移民人数已从每年27万下降至6万。
“We were not in control,” says António Vitorino, a Portuguese former European commissioner. It became crucial, he says, to “rebuild the credibility of the migration-regulation system”. The centre-right government of Luis Montenegro, which came to office in 2024, set out to do this. It required immigrants to get appropriate visas, re-established a border force, stretched the time to obtain citizenship to between seven and ten years, and restricted family reunions. It also introduced fast-track visas for key workers. “We’re not a closed-door, ‘remigration’ government,” says António Leitão Amaro, the minister responsible for the reforms. Net migration has fallen from 270,000 a year to 60,000.
在西班牙境内，与之形成对比的是，社会党首相佩德罗·桑切斯公然违背了欧盟关于加强管控的共识。西班牙同样出现了移民激增的情况，自2021年以来已有310万人进入该国。2026年，外国出生人口达到1030万人，占总人口的20%以上。桑切斯不仅强调了西班牙的人道主义价值观，还指出移民对经济增长的好处。这得益于大约一半的移民是来自拉美的西班牙语使用者。
Across the border in Spain, in contrast, the Socialist prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, has defied the European Union’s consensus on tighter controls. Spain too has seen a spike in immigration, with 3.1m coming since 2021. In 2026 the foreign-born population hit 10.3m, over 20% of the total. Mr Sánchez has stressed not only Spain’s humanitarian values but the benefits of immigration to economic growth. It helped that around half of the immigrants are Spanish-speakers from Latin America.
今年早些时候，桑切斯宣布对无证人员实施大赦，这一举动激怒了其他欧盟政府。政府原本预计将有50万人申请，但实际申请人数达到120万人。葡萄牙也计划将多达80万人纳入合法身份。但与西班牙不同的是，葡萄牙的申请人需要接受个人面试，截至目前已有4.5万人被拒绝，阿马罗如此表示。
Earlier this year Mr Sánchez irritated other EU governments by announcing an amnesty for those without papers. The government expected 500,000 to apply; 1.2m did. Portugal, too, plans to regularise up to 800,000. But unlike in Spain, applicants are interviewed individually and 45,000 have been rejected, says Mr Amaro.
移民问题已经给两国的公共服务带来压力。里斯本今年出现了学位短缺的情况。在西班牙，教师表示移民儿童可能缺乏语言能力，或在入学时就存在学习差距。马德里的许多学校被视为移民聚居区；教师们纷纷寻求其他地方的工作。在医疗服务方面，手术的等待名单已达到历史最高水平。
Immigration has strained both countries’ public services. Lisbon suffered a shortage of school places this year. In Spain teachers say immigrant children may lack language skills or arrive with a learning deficit. Many schools in Madrid are seen as immigrant ghettos; teachers seek jobs elsewhere. In the health service, waiting lists for operations are at record levels.
最显著的影响体现在住房领域。桑切斯将住房问题作为提前举行大选的议题，定于11月29日投票。但这一举措可能会适得其反。批评者指出，西班牙过热的房地产市场是移民激增与新建住房不足共同作用的结果。此外，去年7月下旬超过8万名移民涌入西班牙在北非的飞地塞乌塔的记忆仍然鲜活（目前仍有1万人滞留在那里）。
The most dramatic impact has been in housing. Mr Sánchez called a snap general election for November 29th on the issue. But the move may rebound. Critics point out that Spain’s overheated housing market is a result of immigration combined with a lack of new building. And the memory of a surge of over 80,000 migrants into Ceuta, a Spanish exclave in north Africa, in late July is still fresh (10,000 are still there).
西班牙社会对移民问题的共识正在瓦解。民意调查显示，多数民众认为移民数量过多。反移民的民粹主义政党“呼声党”（Vox）在民意调查中的支持率已升至约19%。然而，移民仍在持续涌入。“他们知道可以来到这里，而且迟早会被合法化，”西班牙国家远程教育大学（UNED）的社会学家马里亚·米亚尔（María Miyar）表示。
Spain’s consensus in favour of immigration is breaking. Polls show a majority think there are too many immigrants. Vox, an anti-immigrant populist party, has risen to around 19% in the polls. But immigrants continue to arrive. “They know they can come and sooner or later they will be legalised,” says María Miyar, a sociologist at UNED university.
今年早些时候，巴塞罗那商业团体“经济圈”（Cercle d’Economia）的特雷莎·加西亚-米拉（Teresa Garcia-Milà）呼吁开展“一场我们尚未进行过的根本性辩论”，讨论“我们实际具备的接纳与融合能力”。从某些方面来看，限制移民可能刺激经济发展：阿马罗先生（Mr Amaro）指出，葡萄牙此前宽松的移民政策导致“企业无需提升效率，因为它们总能获得廉价劳动力”。
Earlier this year Teresa Garcia-Milà of the Cercle d’Economia, a business group in Barcelona, argued for “a fundamental debate we haven’t had” about “our real capacities of reception and integration”. Cutting immigration can stimulate the economy in some ways: Portugal’s previous lax rules meant “companies didn’t have to improve their efficiency because they got cheap labour,” says Mr Amaro.
在西班牙，随着民意调查显示右翼政党很可能赢得选举，政策方向似乎必将改变。保守派人民党领袖阿尔贝托·努涅斯·费霍（Alberto Núñez Feijóo）主张实行积分制和移民配额，并优先接纳拉丁美洲人。这与葡萄牙的做法如出一辙。伊比利亚半岛或许很快就不再是欧洲主流趋势的例外。■ 如需掌握欧洲最重要的新闻动态，请订阅我们的每周独家电子报《欧洲咖啡馆》（Café Europa）。
In Spain, with polls showing the right likely to win the election, policy seems certain to change. Alberto Núñez Feijóo, the leader of the conservative People’s Party, wants a points system and quotas for immigration and priority for Latin Americans. That sounds like the Portuguese approach. Iberia may soon no longer be an exception to the European norm.■ To stay on top of the biggest European stories, sign up to Café Europa, our weeklyr-only newsletter.