美国和以色列对伊朗的战争改变了全球航运公司的加油采购模式，因为他们转向更多现货和短期采购，以应对价格波动，同时探索更多替代供应地点以保障供应安全，行业高管表示。
The US-Israeli war on Iran has altered bunker buying patterns for shippers globally as they turned to more spot and shorter-term purchases to cope with volatile prices while exploring more alternative locations for supply security, industry executives said.
自伊朗冲突爆发已超过七个月，根据加油商数据，船用燃料价格仍远高于战前水平的70%以上。
More than seven months since the start of the conflict with Iran, prices of marine fuels remained well over 70% versus pre-war levels, according to data from bunker traders.
由于中东关键水道的封锁导致船舶改航和绕行，航运公司也被迫多样化加油地点，使其不愿在某一特定港口锁定长期合同，高管们表示。
Rerouting and diversions of vessels due to blockades at key waterways in the Middle East have also driven shippers to diversify refuelling locations, making them less inclined to lock in a longer-term contracts at one particular port, the executives said.
“现货采购（stem）的频率在上升，因为许多船东如果市场价格飙升，会只加最少的油以到达下一个港口，”斯卡塞尔能源公司首席执行官、油轮公司哈夫尼亚加油业务负责人彼得·格伦瓦尔特在新加坡国际加油会议侧边活动中表示。
"The frequency of stems (spot purchases) is getting higher because a lot of owners will bunker the minimum to reach the next port if the market shoots up," said Peter Grunwaldt, chief executive officer at Seascale Energy and head of bunkering at tanker company Hafnia, on the sidelines of the Singapore International Bunkering conference.
供应商表示，现货采购为船东提供了更大灵活性，他们可以根据当日油价决定是否在那一刻购买船用燃料。相比之下，如果他们签订长期合同，无论油价如何波动，都必须提取约定的油量。
Spot purchases give more flexibility to the shipowner, who decides whether to buy bunkers in that instance, depending on the daily price, suppliers said. In contrast, if they lock into a longer term contract, they will have to lift the agreed volume regardless of how the price swings.
“当价格升高时，人们会有这样的想法：如果明天价格下跌，我不想暴露得太多，”全球按交易量计最大的船用燃料供应商Bunker Holding首席运营官米克尔·坎内加德表示。
"When prices are elevated, you have this notion that if prices fall tomorrow, you don't want to be too exposed," said Mikkel Kannegaard, chief operating officer at Bunker Holding, the world's largest bunker seller by volume.
“所以我们看到一种趋势，即长期合同变得越来越少见，”他对路透社表示，并补充说，在市场更加碎片化的背景下，船用燃料贸易变得更加复杂。
"So we have seen a trend where longer-term contracts have become less common," he told Reuters, adding that bunker trade has become more complex amid a more fragmented market.
新加坡赤道海洋燃料公司执行董事钟振茂表示，与买家签订的定期合同期限已缩短至一个季度甚至一个月，而在战争之前，这类合同通常为六个月或一年。
Choong Zhen Mao, executive director at Singapore-based Equatorial Marine Fuel, said the duration of term contracts with buyers had shortened to a quarter or even a month, versus longer terms like six months or one year, before the war.
除了拆分加油采购量，船东们还在转向其他地点寻找加油供应和加油，因为阿拉伯联合酋长国的富查伊拉港（曾是主要供应港口之一）周边的敌对行动加剧了，高管们表示。
Besides breaking up the size of bunker purchases, shippers are also turning to alternative locations to seek bunker supplies and refuel as hostilities around the United Arab Emirates' Fujairah port, which used to be a top supplier, intensified, the executives said.
“特别是在阿拉伯湾周边，传统的加油模式正在被撕裂，”Seascale公司的格伦瓦尔特说。
"Around the Arabian Gulf in particular, traditional bunkering patterns are being torn apart," said Seascale's Grunwaldt.
“从富查伊拉港的转移显然推动了周边港口的更多询盘，因此我们现在在比以前更多的港口进行加油，”他补充道。
"Diversions from Fujairah have clearly driven more enquiries to surrounding ports, so we now bunker in more ports than we used to," he added.
“以前只偶尔使用的港口，比如路易港、科伦坡和萨拉勒，现在使用频率更高了，”他说，指的是毛里求斯、斯里兰卡和阿曼的港口。
"Ports that were only used sporadically before, such as Port Louis, Colombo and Salalah, are now being used more frequently," he said, referring to ports in Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Oman.
Bunker Holding公司的坎内加德表示，他看到非洲和南亚的需求正在增加。
Bunker Holding's Kannegaard said he had seen more demand emerging in Africa and South Asia.
为应对中东的中断，维托尔公司于7月开始在巴基斯坦的瓜达尔港进行加油，为在海湾地区运营的客户提供霍尔木兹海峡以外的加油地点。
In response to the Middle East disruption, Vitol began bunkering at the Gwadar Port in Pakistan in July, offering a location outside the Strait of Hormuz from which to serve customers operating in the Gulf region.
“多元化既是应对当前中断的必要手段，也是构建长期韧性的关键，”维托尔公司亚洲负责人基兰·加拉格尔说。
"Diversification is essential, both to manage today's disruptions and to build longer-term resilience," Vitol's Head of Asia Kieran Gallagher said.
“从近期来看，这意味着要拓宽供应的地理来源，并为传统燃料开发新的贸易路线。”
"In the near term, that means broadening geographic sources of supply and developing new trade routes for conventional fuels."