非洲国家在向国外出售碳信用额之前，应先权衡实现自身气候目标的成本，否则可能只剩下最昂贵的减排项目，联合国一名官员表示。
African countries should weigh the cost of meeting their own climate targets before selling carbon credits abroad, or risk being left with the most expensive emissions-cutting projects, a United Nations official said.
“买家会选择成本最低的项目，即用最少的资金减排一吨二氧化碳的项目，”联合国气候秘书处负责制定联合国监管的《巴黎协定》第6条碳市场规则并协助各国落实的经理佩鲁马尔·阿鲁穆甘（Perumal Arumugam）说。
“Buyers go for the cheapest projects, the ones that cut a ton of emissions for the least money,” said Perumal Arumugam, a manager at the UN climate secretariat who works on rules for the UN-regulated Article 6 carbon market and helps countries put them into practice.
阿鲁穆甘在卢旺达首都基加利举行的非洲碳市场峰会（Carbon Markets Africa Summit）接受采访时表示，卖家需要找到平衡点，否则可能被迫在国内为更昂贵的项目买单，以实现自身的“无条件”目标——即承诺仅依靠本国资源达成的减排承诺。
Sellers need to strike a balance, Arumugam said in an interview at the Carbon Markets Africa Summit in Kigali, or they could be stuck paying for pricier projects at home to meet their own “unconditional” targets, commitments they’ve pledged to meet using their own resources.
“别把所有低垂的果子都卖掉然后出口，”阿鲁穆甘在非洲碳市场峰会接受采访时说。“市场总是倾向于价格更低、利润最大化的地方。”《巴黎协定》第6条允许各国交易减排量以帮助实现气候目标。该条款的规则于2024年在巴库举行的COP29峰会上最终确定，目前在此框架下的交易仍然有限。当一个国家授权另一国购买碳信用额并将其计入自身目标时，该国自身不能将该减排量计入自己的目标。
“Don’t sell all your low-hanging fruit and export outside,” Arumugam said in an interview at the Carbon Markets Africa Summit in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital. “The market always wants to go where it gets a lower price and can maximize profit.”Article 6 of the Paris Agreement lets countries trade emission reductions to help meet their climate targets. Its rules were finalized at the COP29 summit in Baku in 2024, and trading under them has so far been limited. When a country authorizes the sale of a credit for another country to count toward its target, it can’t count the reduction itself.
碳信用额每份代表从大气中减少或移除一吨二氧化碳或其等效量，可出售给排放行业，或根据《巴黎协定》第6.2条，出售给各国用于实现其气候目标。
Carbon credits, each representing one ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent reduced or removed from the atmosphere, can be sold to emitting industries or, under Article 6.2, to countries for use toward their climate goals.
许多非洲国家热衷于出口碳信用额以筹集资金，有时用于资助国内气候行动。但他们需要在这之间取得平衡，阿鲁穆甘表示。根据彭博新能源财经（BloombergNEF）的数据，非洲的碳信用额往往比富裕国家的项目每美元带来更多的减排量。
Many African countries are keen to export credits to raise money, sometimes to finance domestic climate action. They have to balance that against their own pledges, Arumugam said. African credits tend to deliver more emission cuts per dollar than those in richer countries, according to BloombergNEF data.
日本、新加坡和瑞士一直是买家中最活跃的几个国家。一些国家购买的碳信用额度超过了自身承诺，而另一些国家则用它们来弥补未达标的缺口。
Japan, Singapore and Switzerland have been among the most active buyers. Some countries are buying credits beyond their own commitments, while others are using them to cover a shortfall in meeting their targets.
早期的双边交易主要集中在清洁或改进型炉灶上，这些项目开发成本低廉，能为供应商和开发商带来“可观利润”，阿鲁穆甘说。他称这是一场“向底部竞赛”，即先进行低成本项目，而把成本较高的项目推迟。
Early bilateral deals have focused on clean or improved cookstoves, which are inexpensive to develop and leave “considerable profit” for suppliers and developers, Arumugam said. He called this a “race to the bottom,” in which lower-cost projects are done first and pricier ones are put off.
根据环境部长伯纳黛特·阿拉克维耶的说法，卢旺达发放的碳信用额度中大约有87%来自炉灶项目。
Roughly 87% of Rwanda’s issued carbon credits come from cookstove projects, according to Bernadette Arakwiye, the environment minister.
阿鲁穆甘表示，政府应设定行业优先级并协商组合方案，即在推动成本更高的行业（如废物管理）项目的同时，出口炉灶碳信用额度。哪些行业成本低或成本高因国家而异，因此这是一种“国家选择”，他说。
Governments should set sector priorities and negotiate a mix, said Arumugam, exporting cookstove credits while still pushing for projects in costlier sectors such as waste management. Which sectors are cheap or costly varies by country, making this a “national choice,” he said.