坐落在里斯本前摩尔人聚居区下方，本福尔莫索街（Rua do Benformoso）是一条蜿蜒的街道，两旁是贴着瓷砖（azulejos）的斑驳老建筑。街上开满了印度食品店，以及出售水烟壶和手机的店铺。皮耶达德（Piedade）是一位在这里生活了60多年的葡萄牙女性，她对这里发生的变化感到不满。“这里有毒品和犯罪，”她说，“我只能待在家里不出门。”
Nestled beneath Lisbon’s former Moorish quarter, the Rua do Benformoso is a winding street of decaying buildings faced with azulejos (decorative tiles). It is lined with Indian food shops and stores selling hookah pipes and mobile phones. Piedade, a Portuguese woman who has lived here for over 60 years, dislikes what has happened to it. “There’s drugs and crime,” she says. “I stay inside at home.”
本福尔莫索街已成为大规模移民潮的象征。葡萄牙人早已习惯了来自其前殖民地巴西和非洲的移民，这些人说葡萄牙语，且相当容易融入。但在2017年至2024年期间，超过110万移民使外国出生人口占总人口的比例从4%飙升至14%。新到来的移民中包括25万南亚人，其中主要是年轻的单身汉。他们许多人几乎不会说葡萄牙语。
The Rua do Benformoso has become the symbol of a massive wave of immigration. The Portuguese are accustomed to migrants from their former colonies in Brazil and Africa, who speak the language and integrate fairly easily. But between 2017 and 2024 more than 1.1m immigrants took the foreign-born population from 4% to 14% of the total. The new arrivals included 250,000 South Asians, mainly young single men. Many of them speak almost no Portuguese.
移民问题成了公众最关心的大事。“够了”党（Chega）是一个新崛起的右翼民粹主义政党，在2025年的议会选举中赢得了23%的选票。
Immigration became a top public concern. Chega (“Enough”), a new populist right-wing party, won 23% of the vote in a parliamentary election in 2025.“We were not in control,” says António Vitorino, a Portuguese former European commissioner.
葡萄牙前欧洲委员安东尼奥·维托里诺（António Vitorino）表示：“我们当时失去了控制。”他说，至关重要的是“重建移民管理系统的信誉”。于2024年上台的路易斯·蒙特内哥罗（Luis Montenegro）中右翼政府开始着手解决这一问题。该政府要求移民获得适当的签证，重新设立边境部队，将获得公民身份的时间延长至7年至10年，并限制家庭团聚。
It became crucial, he says, to “rebuild the credibility of the migration-regulation system”. The centre-right government of Luis Montenegro, which came to office in 2024, set out to do this. It required immigrants to get appropriate visas, re-established a border force, stretched the time to obtain citizenship to between seven and ten years, and restricted family reunions.
它还为关键行业工人推出了快速签证通道。“我们不是一个关起门来、实行‘再移民’政策的政府，”负责这些改革的部长安东尼奥·莱唐·阿马鲁（António Leitão Amaro）说。净移民人数已从每年27万人降至6万人。
It also introduced fast-track visas for key workers. “We’re not a closed-door, ‘remigration’ government,” says António Leitão Amaro, the minister responsible for the reforms. Net migration has fallen from 270,000 a year to 60,000.
相比之下，在西班牙边境的另一侧，社会党首相佩德罗·桑切斯（Pedro Sánchez）公然违背了欧盟关于收紧管控的共识。西班牙的移民也出现了激增，自2021年以来已有310万人涌入。到2026年，外国出生人口达到了1030万，占总人口的20%以上。桑切斯不仅强调了西班牙的人道主义价值观，还强调了移民对经济增长的好处。大约一半的移民是来自拉丁美洲的西班牙语人口，这在客观上起到了帮助作用。
Across the border in Spain, in contrast, the Socialist prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, has defied the European Union’s consensus on tighter controls. Spain too has seen a spike in immigration, with 3.1m coming since 2021. In 2026 the foreign-born population hit 10.3m, over 20% of the total. Mr Sánchez has stressed not only Spain’s humanitarian values but the benefits of immigration to economic growth. It helped that around half of the immigrants are Spanish-speakers from Latin America.
今年早些时候，桑切斯宣布对无证移民实施大赦，此举惹恼了其他欧盟政府。政府原本预计会有50万人申请，结果却高达120万人。葡萄牙也计划将最多80万移民合法化。但阿马鲁表示，与西班牙不同，葡萄牙会对申请人进行个别面谈，目前已有4.5万人被拒。
Earlier this year Mr Sánchez irritated other EU governments by announcing an amnesty for those without papers. The government expected 500,000 to apply; 1.2m did. Portugal, too, plans to regularise up to 800,000. But unlike in Spain, applicants are interviewed individually and 45,000 have been rejected, says Mr Amaro.
移民给两国的基础设施带来了压力。里斯本今年遭遇了学校学位短缺的问题。在西班牙，教师们表示，移民儿童可能缺乏语言技能，或者在入学时就存在学习赤字。马德里的许多学校被视为移民贫民窟，教师纷纷寻找其他地方的工作。在医疗服务领域，手术等待名单达到了历史最高纪录。
Immigration has strained both countries’ public services. Lisbon suffered a shortage of school places this year. In Spain teachers say immigrant children may lack language skills or arrive with a learning deficit. Many schools in Madrid are seen as immigrant ghettos; teachers seek jobs elsewhere. In the health service, waiting lists for operations are at record levels.
最具戏剧性的冲击体现在住房上。桑切斯为此宣布在11月29日提前举行大选。但此举可能会产生反弹。批评人士指出，西班牙过热的住房市场是移民潮与缺乏新建住房共同作用的结果。此外，今年7月下旬，超过8万名移民涌入西班牙位于北非的飞地休达，这段记忆依然历历在目（目前仍有1万人滞留当地）。
The most dramatic impact has been in housing. Mr Sánchez called a snap general election for November 29th on the issue. But the move may rebound. Critics point out that Spain’s overheated housing market is a result of immigration combined with a lack of new building. And the memory of a surge of over 80,000 migrants into Ceuta, a Spanish exclave in north Africa, in late July is still fresh (10,000 are still there).Spain’s consensus in favour of immigration is breaking.
西班牙支持移民的共识正在破裂。民调显示，多数人认为移民太多了。反移民民粹主义政党呼声党（Vox）在民调中的支持率已升至19%左右。但移民仍在继续涌入。“他们知道自己可以来，迟早会被合法化，”国立远程教育大学（UNED）的社会学家玛丽亚·米亚尔（María Miyar）说。今年早些时候，巴塞罗那商业集团“经济圈”（Cercle d'Economia）的特蕾萨·加西亚-米拉（Teresa Garcia-Milà）提出，我们需要“就我们真正的接待和融入能力展开一场尚未进行的根本性讨论”。
Polls show a majority think there are too many immigrants. Vox, an anti-immigrant populist party, has risen to around 19% in the polls. But immigrants continue to arrive. “They know they can come and sooner or later they will be legalised,” says María Miyar, a sociologist at UNED university. Earlier this year Teresa Garcia-Milà of the Cercle d’Economia, a business group in Barcelona, argued for “a fundamental debate we haven’t had” about “our real capacities of reception and integration”.
削减移民在某些方面可以刺激经济：阿马鲁表示，葡萄牙过去宽松的规则意味着“企业不必提高效率，因为它们能得到廉价劳动力”。
Cutting immigration can stimulate the economy in some ways: Portugal’s previous lax rules meant “companies didn’t have to improve their efficiency because they got cheap labour,” says Mr Amaro.
在西班牙，民调显示右翼政党极有可能赢得大选，政策似乎注定要发生改变。保守派人民党领袖阿尔韦托·努涅斯·费霍（Alberto Núñez Feijóo）希望实行移民积分制和配额制，并给予拉丁美洲人优先权。这听取起来很像葡萄牙的做法。伊比利亚半岛或许很快将不再是欧洲常规之中的例外。
In Spain, with polls showing the right likely to win the election, policy seems certain to change. Alberto Núñez Feijóo, the leader of the conservative People’s Party, wants a points system and quotas for immigration and priority for Latin Americans. That sounds like the Portuguese approach. Iberia may soon no longer be an exception to the European norm.
要了解欧洲头条新闻的最新动态，请订阅我们仅限订户的每周新闻通讯《欧洲咖啡馆》（Café Europa）。
To stay on top of the biggest European stories, sign up toCafé Europa, our weekly subscriber-only newsletter.