萨宾·金卡茨（Sabine Kinkartz） 2026年10月18日 你愿意连续工作12小时吗？基民盟/基社盟与社民党正就《工作时间法》的改革陷入争端。职场灵活性、集体谈判协议和劳工保护规则正处于危急关头。
Sabine Kinkartz October 18, 2026 Would you work 12 hours straight? The CDU/CSU and SPD are locked in a dispute over reforms to the Working Hours Act. Workplace flexibility, collective bargaining agreements and worker protection rules are at stake.
位于萨克森-安哈尔特州的洛伊纳已成为德国化学工业和炼油厂的主要枢纽之一 位于德国东部萨克森-安哈尔特州的洛伊纳镇是该国最大的化工业枢纽之一，已有100多家企业在此建立运营。芬兰生物技术集团UPM就是其中之一，该公司最近在洛伊纳建造了一座用于生产木基化学品的生物炼油厂。该公司目前正在招聘。
Leuna, in Saxony-Anhalt, has become one of Germany's major hubs for the chemical industry and oil refineries The town of Leuna, in the eastern German state of Saxony-Anhalt, is one of the country's largest chemical industry hub, where more than 100 companies have established operations. Among them is the Finnish biotechnology group UPM, which has recently built a biorefinery for wood-based chemicals in Leuna. It's now hiring.
其中一个招聘职位是化学技术员，负责监督新设施的投入使用。但要符合资格，候选人必须愿意接受12小时的工作制。这合法吗？根据德国法律，标准工作时间限制为每天8小时。如果工人能够获得加班调休，且两班之间必须至少有11小时的休息时间，则允许延长至10小时。
One of the job listings is for a chemical technician to oversee the rollout of new facilities. But to qualify, candidates must be willing to work 12-hour shifts. Is that legal? According to German law, standard working hours are limited to eight hours per day. It is permissible to extend this to ten hours, provided that workers receive compensatory time off for the overtime, and there must be at least 11 hours of rest between two shifts.
12小时工作制？德国法律的允许范围 长期以来，企业协会以及保守派的基督教民主联盟（基民盟）和基督教社会联盟（基社盟）政党一直呼吁让这些规则更具灵活性。
Twelve-hour shifts? What German law permits Business associations and the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Christian Social Union (CSU) parties have long called for these rules to be made more flexible.
德国雇主协会联合会（BDA）主席赖纳·迪尔格（Rainer Dulger）指出了欧盟《工作时间指令》，该指令允许每周最长工作时间为 48 小时。“除了我们这里之外，几乎所有地方都在利用这项许可，”迪尔格8月对dpa通讯社如是说。
Rainer Dulger, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA), points to the European Working Time Directive, which allows for a maximum weekly working time of 48 hours. "The allowance is being taken advantage of almost everywhere else — except here," Dulger told the dpa news agency in August.
公司表示，他们常常发现现有规则过于僵化，特别是在具有季节性波动的行业（如旅游业）、项目制工作或工作量出现不规律高峰的行业（如餐饮业）。杜尔格表示，企业本可以更高效地调配员工：“《工作时间法》可以追溯到传真机和拨号盘电话的时代。它对笔记本电脑或托儿所开放时间一无所知。”4天工作制：未来的模式？
Companies say they often find the existing rules too rigid, particularly in industries with seasonal fluctuations — such as tourism — or in project-based work, or during irregular peaks in workload, such as in the restaurant industry. They could deploy their staff more efficiently, says Dulger: "The Working Hours Act dates back to the era of fax machines and rotary-dial phones.
要观看此视频，基民盟与社民党在工作时间问题上存在分歧。在其2025年联合协议中，基民盟/基社盟与中左翼的德国社会民主党（社民党）同意改革《工作时间法》。协议称：“为了符合欧洲工作时间指令，我们希望允许实行每周最长工作时间制，而非每日最长工作时间制——此举同样且特别旨在促进更好的工作与生活平衡。”
It knows nothing of laptops or daycare hours." 4-day workweek: A model for the future? To view this video , and CDU and SPD divided on working hours In their 2025 coalition agreement, the CDU/CSU and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SPD) agreed to reform the Working Hours Act. "In keeping with the European Working Time Directive, we want to allow for a maximum weekly rather than daily working time — also and especially to promote a better work-life balance," the agreement said.
社民党本来更愿意维持现行法律不变，但不得不接受保守派政党的计划。社民党指出，在紧急服务、医疗保健和安保服务等特殊情况下，法律已经允许延长工作时间。发电厂、炼油厂和化工业的工人也被允许每次工作长达12小时。
The SPD would have preferred to leave the law unchanged, but had to accept the conservative parties' plans. The Social Democrats pointed out that longer working hours are already permitted in exceptional cases, such as in emergency services, the health care sector and security services. Workers in power plants, refineries and the chemical industry are also allowed to work up to 12 hours at a time.
对总理弗里德里希·默茨的意外。甚至连总理弗里德里希·默茨本人直到最近似乎都不知道这一例外情况。9月参观位于洛伊纳的UPM炼油厂后，他在柏林的德国雇主日上向商界领袖讲述，他“完全惊讶地”得知，在该厂职工委员会的批准下，这些设施正以连续12小时的轮班制运行。
A surprise for Chancellor Friedrich Merz Even Chancellor Friedrich Merz himself seemed unaware of this exception until quite recently. After visiting the UPM refinery in Leuna in September, he recounted to business leaders at the German Employers' Day in Berlin that he was "completely surprised" to learn that the facilities operate on a continuous 12-hour shift schedule, thanks to the approval of the works council.
默茨回忆说，值班主管将这种工作时间安排描述为“真的很棒”——实行每周三天工作制。“他说我们有充足的时间陪伴家人——这是组织生活的好方法。”默茨接着得出结论，这证明了放宽《工作时间法》的好处。
Merz recounted the shift supervisor describing the work schedule as "really great" — with three-day work weeks. "He said we have plenty of time for our families — it's a great way to organize things." Merz went on to conclude that this demonstrates the benefits of relaxing the Working Hours Act.
“工作超过八小时并非剥削。相反，对于企业和在那里工作的人来说，这可能是一个更灵活地安排工作时间的好机会，”这位总理说。“我们应该这样做。”社会民主党同意延长工作时间，但附带条件 但社会民主党党内以及反对修改《工作时间法》的工会对此表示抵制。威尔第工会主张，显著延长工作日将对员工的健康产生负面影响，并会使有家庭和照料责任的人处于不利地位。在某些行业，员工还可能面临接受更长班次的压力。
"Working more than eight hours is not exploitation. Rather, it can be a good opportunity to organize working hours more flexibly — both for businesses and for the people working there," the chancellor said. "We should do it." SPD agrees to longer working hours, but with conditions But there is resistance from within the SPD and from trade unions opposed to amending the Working Hours Act. The trade union Verdi argues that significantly longer workdays would have negative consequences for employees' health and would disadvantage people with family and caregiving responsibilities. In certain industries, employees could also be put under pressure to accept longer shifts.
最初的改革草案于2026年6月由劳工和社会事务部拟定，该部门当时由社会民主党政治人物芭贝尔·巴斯领导，她此后因个人原因辞职。该草案包含一些条件，包括如果做出任何时间表调整，需达成雇主与工会之间的集体谈判协议，以及健康和安全规章，并且工作时间须通过电子方式进行追踪。
An initial reform draft was drawn up in June 2026 by the Labor and Social Affairs Ministry, headed at the time by Bärbel Bas, an SPD politician who has since resigned for personal reasons The draft includes some conditions, including a collective bargaining agreement between employers and unions if any schedule changes were made, as well as health and safety regulations, and working hours to be tracked electronically.
贝尔贝尔·巴斯的改革计划引发了基民盟的强烈反对。关于集体谈判权和劳工保护的争议。社会民主党议会党团劳工和社会政策发言人安妮卡·克洛斯解释了该想法背后的思路。她表示，灵活性“不是单行道”。联盟协议明确旨在促进家庭与工作之间更好的平衡。“这样有时可以在下午带孩子去参加足球训练，然后接着工作 — — 但不是让老板单方面告诉你：‘明天你必须从早上9点工作到晚上10点。’”
Bärbel Bas' reform plan had the CDU up in arms Dispute over collective bargaining rights and worker protection Annika Klose, spokesperson for labor and social policy for the SPD parliamentary group, explained the thinking behind the idea. Flexibility, she said, is "not a one-way street." The coalition agreement explicitly aims to promote a better balance between family and work. "So that it's sometimes possible to take your child to football practice in the afternoon and then continue working afterward — but not that my boss tells me against my will: 'You're working the shift from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. tomorrow.'"
基民盟/基社盟立即拒绝了该草案。企业也持反对态度。杜尔格在一份声明中要求：“这份草案必须被撤回并彻底修订。”他称该草案“充斥着不信任”。德国手工业联合会（ZDH）表示，这是“对联盟协议中所达成承诺的违背”。自那时起，该改革一直被搁置。
The CDU/CSU immediately rejected the draft. Businesses were also up in arms. "This draft must be withdrawn and completely revised," demanded Dulger in a statement, saying it was "steeped in mistrust." The German Confederation of Skilled Crafts (ZDH) spoke of a "breach of the commitments agreed to in the coalition agreement." The reform has been on hold ever since.
改革为何停滞 在雇主日活动上，默茨透露了取得进展的前景。“这确实是迟到了很久。我相信我们能够相对快速地完成这项工作，并在劳动力市场中创造灵活性。”然而，尚不清楚新任社会民主党劳工部长亚历山大·施韦策是否持有相同观点。早在10月初，他的政党就发布了一份关于改革工时的文件，内容就像是对基民盟的宣战。“自我决定，而非放松管制”是这份由社会民主党劳工工作小组、青年组织尤索斯、“60plus”工作小组以及社会民主党妇女翼共同签署的七页文件的标题。
Why the reform stalled At the Employers' Day event, Merz held out the prospect of progress. "This is indeed long overdue. I believe we can accomplish this relatively quickly and create flexibility in the labor market." It remains to be seen, however, whether the new SPD Labor Minister, Alexander Schweitzer, shares this view. In early October, his party released a paper on reforming working hours that read like a declaration of war against the CDU. "Self-determination, Not Deregulation" is the title of the seven-page document that was signed by the SPD working group on labor, the youth organization Jusos, the "60plus" working group and the women's wing of the SPD.
在这份文件中，社会民主党人不仅重申了巴斯早在6月草案中已经提出的观点。他们还要求，未来雇主和雇员应“通过共同协商一致”来决定工作时间。他们认为，如果只能由雇主决定雇员何时下班，这“不符合现代工作时间法改革的精神”。
In the paper, the Social Democrats not only reiterate the points that already appeared in Bas' draft back in June. They also demand that, in the future, employers and employees should decide on working hours "jointly and by mutual agreement." They argued that it is not "in the spirit of a modern reform of working time law" if only employers can determine when employees finish work.
从政治角度来看，关于改革工作时间的争端早已不仅仅是一场关于法律条款的辩论。这是一场关于未来应该要求工人们容忍多少灵活性以及国家应该在多大程度上保护他们的根本性争端。对于本就饱受困扰的柏林政府而言，这又是一个绊脚石。本文翻译自德语
From a political perspective, the dispute over reforming work hours has long become more than just a debate over legal provisions. It is a fundamental dispute over how much flexibility workers should be expected to tolerate in the future and to what extent the state should protect them. And it is yet another stumbling block for the already beleaguered government in Berlin. This article was translated from German