Max has covered a range of stories from across the world, including pieces on terrorism, drug trafficking, immigration and anti-Semitism 6:00am BST Drug cartels plan to deploy fleets of booby-trapped submarines to smuggle cocaine into Europe, The Telegraph has learned.

The unmanned vessels will be rigged with explosives that detonate if police or the armed forces attempt to board them, military intelligence has warned.

Latin American gangs are expected to use the homemade “narco-subs” as their main method for trafficking up to 1,500 tons of cocaine across the Atlantic a year. US military strikes on fishing vessels allegedly trafficking drugs are understood to be behind the cartels’ move towards the automated submarines as a lower-risk alternative, analysts told The Telegraph.

The lightweight subs, built in clandestine shipyards along the Colombian coastline and camouflaged to avoid detection, are easier to conceal as they sail just below the water’s surface. They can carry up to nine tons of cocaine, worth £700m, in their hulls during a single voyage.

Once the narco-subs arrive near the coast of Spain, speedboats are deployed to collect the cocaine packages and bring them onshore.

Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite system has been adopted by cartels for use on narco-subs, allowing the vessels to follow a planned route, and respond to incoming obstacles without the need for a crew. Colombian gangs are looking to cultivate a workforce that can expand the technology further. They are planning to recruit specialist engineers from the black market to fit the vessels with self-navigating technology from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), police intelligence suggests.

Colombian police discovered a narco-sub off the coast of Santa Marta, equipped with a GPS, two Starlink antennas, a satellite system and two surveillance cameras, on July 2 last year.

The vessel, which had no drugs on board, was believed to be a “test run”, capable of carrying 1.5 tons of cocaine more than 800 nautical miles without refuelling.

An intelligence report from the Colombian navy warns that the narco-subs could be rigged with explosives to self-detonate, or blown up via remote control.

This would allow cartels to destroy vital evidence, and stop police from tracing the vessel back to where it was manufactured. Officers would also be deterred from attempting to intercept the vessels.

Another advantage of the uncrewed narco-subs is the reduced risk of information being leaked to the authorities, said Jennifer Scotland, a research fellow in the organised crime and policing team at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), a UK defence and security think tank.

“The removal of personnel means that there’s no one on these vessels who can be captured and interrogated,” Ms Scotland explained.

Having no crew on board and no need for food or water supplies also means the vessels can be packed with even more cocaine.

Police fear that these “autonomous underwater vehicles” (AUVs) will become ubiquitous, allowing cartels to flood Europe with up to 1,500 tons of cocaine a year.

The warnings have been outlined in a 30-page report on clandestine semi-submersibles by the International Centre for Research and Analysis against Maritime Drug Trafficking (CMCON), an intelligence hub led by the Colombian navy.

CMCON said the risk of booby-trapped submarines being used by cartels needed “permanent monitoring” by countries and militaries. Its assessment is based on criminal trends, technological advancements and expert analysis.

Latin America’s most dangerous cartels have banded together in a loose alliance to organise the financing, construction and transport of narco-subs from Colombia to Europe, according to CMCON intelligence.

A narco-sub under construction at one of the clandestine shipyards detected along the Colombian coast The Gulf Clan (EGC), Colombia’s largest drugs gang, is responsible for sourcing the cocaine and building a network of shipyards on the country’s estuaries and rivers. Concealed by thick jungle and mangrove vegetation, the sites are nearly impossible to spot from satellites overhead.

Over the past seven years, security forces have identified 31 shipyards along a 560-mile stretch extending from Colombia’s southern border with Ecuador and north to Panama. Fighters from FARC, the far-left paramilitary group, which has allied with the EGC, are deployed to protect the shipyards from prying eyes or rival gangs.

FARC guerrillas are deployed to guard the hidden network of shipyards Labourers build the narco-subs, which range from 40 to 100ft in length, out of lightweight materials such as fibreglass, wood and carbon fibre, and they are often camouflaged with blue paint to match the sea. Exhaust pipes, which poke out above the water’s surface, are coated with asbestos to stop security planes and ships from tracking the vessel’s movements with thermal imaging cameras.

Police intelligence suggested that Colombian gangsters may look to recruit specialist black market engineers who can outfit the vessel with self-navigating technology bought in the UAE, where it can be purchased without a trace.

The CMCON report predicted that if US tech companies react by regulating the sale of such technology, cartels will turn to Chinese satellite systems instead.

A narco-sub intercepted by the US navy off the coast of Guyana in 2024 and, below, the cargo of cocaine seized from it Verineia Codrean, an undersea defence expert at EuroAtlas, a German manufacturer of naval drones, said that it was becoming increasingly cheaper for cartels to outfit their submarines with AI technology.

Ms Codrean said: “Criminal groups are benefiting from technology developed for completely legitimate markets.

“Marine autopilots, satellite communications, navigation electronics, batteries, propulsion systems and composite materials are sold for commercial shipping, offshore work, leisure craft and robotics.

“A cartel does not need to invent those technologies. It needs people who can source them, integrate them and adapt them to a clandestine vessel. That is the wider dual-use problem.

“As commercial autonomy improves, capabilities that once required expensive specialist systems are becoming cheaper and more accessible through the commercial market.”A narco-sub crewed by three Colombians and a Venezuelan sank off the Azores in January when it was intercepted with nine tons of cocaine on board The sheer volume of cocaine being trafficked means cartels can write off intercepted shipments without any major disruption to their operations, Ms Codrean added.

“A single narco boat can move up to four tons of cocaine with a street value of around €250m (£212m), which is roughly comparable to a decade of Spanish government spending on counter-narcotics in the south of the country,” she added.

Technological advances have allowed AUVs to travel as far as Australasia, where cocaine fetches around 3.7 times the price it does in Europe, without stopping to refuel.

Nemesio Oeguera Cervantes, known as El Mencho, died after an army operation in Tapalpa in February Gunmen blocked highways and burned vehicles across Mexico in the wake of the death of drug lord El Mencho Mexico’s Sinaloa cartel controls the route from Colombia to Australia and New Zealand, while long-term rivals the Jalisco New Generation - whose leader, known as El Mencho, was shot dead by security forces in February - run the trafficking routes from Latin America into Europe.

The West African countries of Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Mauritania serve as stop-off points for vessels along the Atlantic route.

Here, the cocaine is either processed or transferred to other vessels for onward transport as the shipments will attract less suspicion from European customs officers than if they arrived directly from Colombia.

Once the cocaine has arrived at Rotterdam, Europe’s biggest port, or Antwerp, the second largest, it is distributed to the rest of the Continent through Italian and Balkan mafias.

The entire transatlantic smuggling operation is overseen by the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), Latin America’s biggest drugs gang, which finances the building of larger narco-subs.

They collaborate with Italy’s Calabrian mafia, the ‘Ndrangheta, whose yearly income is estimated at €80bn-€100bn (£68-85m), and Albanian gangs to manage and enforce the sale of cocaine in Europe.

Ms Scotland said it was difficult to quantify how prevalent AUVs were but warned: “It’s possible that there are many more currently trafficking drugs than we’re aware of.”Britain’s National Crime Agency, which helped seize a narco-sub carrying a record nine tons of cocaine near the Azores in January, said it was aware of the threat and “monitoring it closely”.

Portuguese police sit on top of the seized narco-sub that sank off the Azores in January Since 1993, when the first illegal semi-submersible was discovered near Providencia, a Colombian island in the Caribbean, police and security forces have intercepted only 351 narco-subs.

RUSI and CMCON both warned that the true number operating is likely to be far higher.

Concealing cocaine inside maritime shipping remains the most common way for cartels to smuggle cocaine.

While narco-subs offer a “positive alternative” to smuggling cocaine on fishing vessels, they will not overtake trafficking by shipping containers unless the security at fishing ports is tightened severely.