一项新研究发现，罗莎琳德·富兰克林是英国第四阶段科学课程大纲中唯一被提及的女性。
A new study finds Rosalind Franklin is the only woman named in Key Stage 4 science specifications.
文/海泽尔·希林 根据最新研究，英国普通中等教育证书考试（GCSE）和苏格兰国家5级考试的科学考试大纲中，英国剑桥大学化学家罗莎琳德·富兰克林是唯一被点名的女性科学家。
By Hazel Shearing Rosalind Franklin is the only female scientist named in GCSE and National 5 science exam specifications in the UK, according to new research.
剑桥大学的一项研究发现，在英国考试局列出的86位科学家中，这位英籍化学家——她在20世纪50年代的工作帮助揭示了DNA结构——是唯一的女性。
A Cambridge study found that of the 86 scientists named by UK exam boards, the English chemist, whose work in the 1950s helped reveal the structure of DNA, was the only woman.
考试大纲规定了学生在课程结束时应掌握的技能和知识，以及考核方式。考试局表示，“科学资格认证中迫切需要更多元的代表性”。
Exam specifications set out the skills and knowledge students are expected to have gained by the end of their course and how they will be assessed. Exam boards said there was "a clear need for greater representation in science qualifications".
来自剑桥大学的学者联合美国和澳大利亚的机构，考察了生物学、化学、物理学、环境科学、地质学和天文学等学科大纲中提及女性的数量。
Academics from the University of Cambridge, along with institutions in the US and Australia, examined how many women were mentioned in specifications for biology, chemistry, physics, environmental science, geology and astronomy.
他们的研究成果发表在《英国教育研究杂志》上，涵盖了英国六大考试局：剑桥OCR 皮尔逊爱德思 WJEC CCEA 苏格兰资格认证局 在第四阶段及同等水平（包括GCSE和苏格兰国家5级考试）中，富兰克林是86位被提及科学家里唯一的女性。
Their work, published in the British Educational Research Journal, looked at six exam boards in the UK: Cambridge OCR Pearson Edexcel WJEC CCEA Qualifications Scotland At Key Stage 4 and equivalent, including GCSEs and National 5s in Scotland, Franklin was the only woman among the 86 scientists mentioned.
在第五阶段及同等水平（包括A-Level、AS-Level、苏格兰高级考试和苏格兰高级高等考试）中，她也是181位科学家中仅有的三位女性之一。
She was also one of three women mentioned at Key Stage 5 and equivalent - including A-levels, AS-levels, National Highers and National Advanced Highers - out of a total of 181 scientists.
美国制图师玛丽·萨普（Marie Tharp）于20世纪50年代绘制了首幅大西洋海底地图，丹麦地震学家英格·莱曼（Inge Lehmann）于20世纪30年代发现地球内核的存在，两人均出现在剑桥OCR的A-Level地质学大纲中。
Marie Tharp, an American cartographer who created the first map of the floor of the Atlantic ocean in the 1950s, and Inge Lehmann, a Danish seismologist who discovered the existence of the Earth's inner core in the 1930s, both feature in the Cambridge OCR's A-level Geology.
富兰克林因拍摄了著名的DNA影像“51号照片”而闻名，她被列入剑桥OCR的GCSE生物学和苏格兰高级考试生物学大纲。
Franklin, who was named in Cambridge OCR's GCSE Biology and Scottish Highers Biology, produced a famous DNA image known as Photograph 51.
剑桥科学家弗朗西斯·克里克和詹姆斯·沃森利用这张照片，在次年推断出DNA具有双螺旋结构。
Cambridge scientists Francis Crick and James Watson used the image to work out the following year that DNA has a double-helix structure.
沃森、克里克以及富兰克林的同事莫里斯·威尔金斯因这一发现获得了1962年诺贝尔奖。富兰克林在四年前已去世。
Watson, Crick and Franklin's colleague Maurice Wilkins received the 1962 Nobel Prize for the discovery. Franklin had died four years earlier.
撰写该论文的学者发现，“数项重大科学突破”在教学大纲中是由女性取得的，但她们并未被明确提及。
Academics who wrote the paper found that "several major scientific breakthroughs" in specifications were made by women, but they were not explicitly mentioned.
论文指出：“许多科学发现和解释形成于19世纪和20世纪初，这一时期的科学和数学实践在很大程度上（尽管并非完全）由男性主导。
The paper said: "Many of the scientific discoveries and explanations were developed in the 1800s and early 1900s, a period when scientific and mathematical practice was largely, but not solely, dominated by men.
“我们的研究结果证实，英国科学教学大纲反映了这种历史失衡：尽管女性对重大科学突破做出了重要贡献，但这一事实极少得到承认。”学者们建议，在教授DNA结构时，“所有教学大纲都应纳入富兰克林”。
"Our findings confirm that the UK science specifications reflect this historical imbalance: although women made significant contributions to major scientific breakthroughs, this fact is rarely acknowledged." The academics recommended that Franklin should be included "in all specifications when teaching DNA structure".
他们还表示，教学大纲应提及玛丽·居里——她发现了镭和钋，并创造了“放射性”这一术语——以及核物理学家莉泽·迈特纳——她发现了核裂变——等人。
They also said specifications should refer to Marie Curie, who discovered radium and polonium and coined the term radioactivity, and nuclear physicist Lise Meitner, who discovered nuclear fission, among others.
作者之一斯蒂芬妮·巴蒂吉格表示：“可共情的榜样能够通过增强女孩在科学领域的归属感、培养对科学职业的积极态度，帮助留住更多女孩从事STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）学科。”
Stephanie Buttigieg, one of the authors, said: "Relatable role models can help keep more girls in STEM by strengthening their sense of belonging in science and fostering positive attitudes towards scientific careers."
代表AQA、剑桥OCR、CCEA、WJEC和Pearson的联合资格委员会一位女发言人表示：“考试局认识到，科学资格认证中明显需要更多元的代表性，这将是这些资格改革时的重点关注领域。”苏格兰资格局表示，课程改进周期提供了“一个契机，以考量我们未来资格认证和评估中的性别代表性”。
A spokeswoman for the Joint Council for Qualifications, which represents AQA, Cambridge OCR, CCEA, WJEC and Pearson, said: "Exam boards recognise that there is a clear need for greater representation in science qualifications, and this is an area they will be focusing on as these qualifications are reformed." Qualifications Scotland said the Curriculum Improvement Cycle offered "an opportunity to consider gender representation within our future qualifications and assessments".
英国教育部表示，“女生应该看到女性在STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）领域所做出的贡献”，并补充称，该部门“致力于在未来几年改进学校课程，作为其中的一部分，将确保每个女生都能看到她们的学习能通向何方”。
The Department for Education in England said "girls should see the contribution women have made in STEM", adding it was "committed to improving the school curriculum over the coming years, and as part of that will make sure every girl can see where their learning can take them".
苏格兰政府表示，其“致力于缩小STEM领域的性别差距，并将仔细考虑这项研究的发现”。
The Scottish Government said it was "committed to closing the gender gap in STEM and will carefully consider the findings of this research".