一位环境法专家将其称为“危险的最后通牒”，特朗普政府表示，除非州监管机构同意十多项有利于白宫亲密盟友的“纠正措施”，否则将剥夺加利福尼亚州保护其海岸线的权力，这是根据一份有争议的联邦审查的草案调查结果得出的。
In what one environmental law expert described as "a dangerous ultimatum," the Trump administration said it would strip California of its authority to protect its coastline unless state regulators agreed to more than a dozen "corrective actions" that would benefit close allies of the White House, according to the draft findings of a controversial federal review.
这份92页的审查报告援引“管辖权和监管越权的模式”，称加利福尼亚州海岸管理部门表现出了“对近海钻探机会、石油和天然气项目总体上以及SpaceX发射活动毫无理由的敌意和政治偏见”。据《时报》通过公开记录请求获得的这份文件显示，除非且直到确定的缺陷得到令人满意的解决，否则该州海岸管理计划的未来联邦资金已被暂停。
Citing "a pattern of jurisdictional and regulatory overreach," the 92-page review said California coastal authorities have demonstrated "unjustified hostility and political bias against offshore drilling opportunities, oil and gas projects broadly, and SpaceX's launch activities." The document, which The Times obtained through a public records request, said future federal funding for the state's coastal management program has been suspended "unless and until the identified deficiencies are satisfactorily addressed."
在纠正措施清单的首位，是要求加利福尼亚州海岸委员会与SpaceX会面，“讨论任何关于政治偏见的未决顾虑以及……富有成效的后续步骤”。报告还指示海岸管理部门与总部位于得克萨斯州的石油公司Sable Offshore Corp.讨论“任何关于监管负担和越权的未决顾虑”，该公司一直寻求特朗普总统的影响力以绕过州监管，重启圣巴巴拉海岸外曾一度处于休眠状态的近海作业。
At the top of the list of corrective actions are demands that the California Coastal Commission meet with SpaceX and "discuss any outstanding concerns about political bias and ... productive next steps moving forward." It also directed coastal authorities to discuss "any outstanding concerns about regulatory burden and overreach" with Sable Offshore Corp., a Texas-based oil company that has sought President Trump's influence to bypass state oversight and restart a once-dormant offshore operation off the Santa Barbara coast.
根据国家海洋和大气管理局海岸管理办公室的初步调查结果，该州主要海岸管理机构还必须在1月前发布一份官方声明，承诺加利福尼亚州“不会绝对反对由某些实体主导的倡议，或与某些行业（如石油和天然气）相关的倡议，或涉及某些活动（如近海钻探）的倡议”。
The state's leading coastal agency must also issue an official statement by January pledging that California "will not categorically oppose initiatives led by certain entities, or relating to certain industries, such as oil and gas, or involving certain activities, such as offshore drilling," according to the preliminary findings by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office for Coastal Management.
审阅了草案文件的法律专家表示，他们对特朗普政府将一项名为《沿海带管理法》（CZMA）的长期联邦法律进行政治化利用感到担忧。他们说，联邦政府从未以这种方式试图剥夺沿海州的权利，如果草案调查结果成为最终结果，后果可能影响深远。此举还发生在总统寻求拆解清洁空气政策、濒危物种保护以及其他长期招致工业界和化石燃料生产商愤怒的里程碑式环境法规之际。
Legal experts who reviewed the draft document said they were troubled by the Trump administration's politicized use of a longstanding federal law known as the Coastal Zone Management Act, or CZMA. Never before, they said, has the federal government attempted to strip a coastal state of its rights in this way, and the consequences could be far-reaching if the draft findings become final. The action also comes as the president has sought to dismantle clean air policies, endangered species protections and other landmark environmental regulations that have long drawn the ire of industry and fossil fuel producers.
“这次审计是对州权的攻击……披着严肃审查外衣的，是一个危险的最后通牒，直击加利福尼亚民主的核心，”梅格·考德威尔说，她曾领导斯坦福大学环境与自然资源法律与政策项目二十多年。“审计中充满了浮夸之辞和不满情绪，但真正的目的是为特朗普政府的议程强行接管加利福尼亚的海洋和沿海政府体系。……现在显而易见的问题是：这到哪里为止？下一个是哪个州？”
"This audit is an attack on states' rights…. What is cloaked as a serious review is a dangerous ultimatum that strikes at the heart of California’s democracy," said Meg Caldwell, who directed Stanford’s Environmental and Natural Resources Law and Policy Program for more than two decades. "The audit contains a lot of puffery and grievance, but the real goal is to commandeer California’s ocean and coastal governmental system for the Trump administration's agenda. ...The conspicuous questions now are: Where does this stop? Which state is next?"
负责执行《沿海带管理法》的三个加利福尼亚州机构——加利福尼亚沿海委员会、加利福尼亚州沿海保护局和旧金山湾保护与发展委员会——须于11月16日前对初步调查结果和纠正措施作出回应。沿海委员会——近几周因厄尔尼诺现象和热带风暴引发的破纪录洪水，面临大量媒体提问和紧急许可申请——正在审查草案调查结果。发言人约书亚·史密斯拒绝透露委员会目前是否会接受特朗普政府列出的纠正措施清单。
The three California agencies charged with implementing the CZMA — the Coastal Commission, the California State Coastal Conservancy and the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission — have until Nov. 16 to respond to the preliminary findings and corrective actions. The Coastal Commission — which has been inundated in recent weeks with media questions and emergency permit requests amid record-breaking flooding from El Niño and tropical storms — is reviewing the draft findings. Spokesperson Joshua Smith declined to say at this time whether the commission would accept the list of corrective actions laid out by the Trump administration.
“考虑到我们长期以来获得联邦政府的极高评价，以及在联邦合作伙伴关系中长达50年、成功率高达96%的记录——即委员会96%的时间里要么按原样批准项目，要么通过谈判改进使其得以推进——委员会对收到这份初步评估感到失望，”史密斯说。史密斯补充称，委员会已按《沿海带管理法》（CZMA）法规允许的规定，申请在11月16日截止日期后再延长15天，“以便尽可能详尽地作出回应”。随后联邦政府将作出最终裁定，接下来将进入前所未有的法律领域。
"The commission was disappointed to receive this draft evaluation given our long history of stellar reviews from the federal government and a 50-year track record of a successful federal partnership, where 96% of the time the commission either approves projects as submitted or negotiates improvements so they can move forward," Smith said. Smith added that the commission had requested a 15-day extension beyond the Nov. 16 deadline, "as allowed for in the CZMA regulations, to respond as thoroughly as possible." The federal government will then issue its final determinations, and what happens next will be unexplored legal territory.
“这是一个五级警报，警示每一个依赖沙滩和美丽悬崖谋生的工作和行业，”美国参议员亚当·希夫（民主党-加利福尼亚州）表示。他谴责特朗普政府利用《沿海带管理法》的做法“公然违法”且“出于政治动机”。“很快，你们也可能看到自己的环境被出售给大石油公司、埃隆·马斯克，以及任何其他买通白宫舞厅门路的高价竞标者。”
"This is a five-alarm warning to every job and industry that relies on our sandy beaches and beautiful bluffs for its livelihood," said U.S. Sen. Adam Schiff (D-Calif.), who has condemned the Trump administration's use of the CZMA as "blatantly illegal" and politically motivated. "Soon, you too could see your environment for sale to Big Oil, Elon Musk, and any other high bidder that buys its way into the White House ballroom."
过去五十年来，《沿海带管理法》一直被誉为两党共管框架，赋予沿海和五大湖州份审查并对影响其海岸线的联邦项目提出异议的权力。根据该法律，各州可制定自己的指导原则来监管海岸，一旦州沿海管理计划获认证，联邦官员必须予以尊重。《沿海带管理法》下的绩效评估并不罕见——大多数州每5至10年接受一次例行评估——但本案不同寻常之处在于，加利福尼亚州刚在拜登政府时期完成过一次评估。
For the last five decades, the CZMA has been celebrated as a bipartisan co-management framework that gave coastal and Great Lakes states the power to review and object to federal projects that affect their shorelines. Under the law, each state can create its own guiding principles on how to oversee its coast, and federal officials must honor this state coastal management plan once it’s certified. Performance reviews under the CZMA are not uncommon — most states are subject to a routine review every five to 10 years — but what’s unusual in this case is that California had just undergone a review during the Biden administration.
那份于2024年完成但未最终定稿的评估草案，曾给予该州最高评价。今年早些时候，美国……商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克宣布，他下令对加利福尼亚州遵守《沿海带管理法》（CZMA）的情况进行重新评估，采用一种“新方法”，将近海石油生产、管道维护、航天港基础设施、海水淡化项目和海底电缆纳入考量，理由是国家优先事项和经济利益。
A draft of that review, which was completed in 2024 but not finalized, gave top marks to the state. Tensions escalated earlier this year when U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick announced that he was ordering a fresh evaluation of California's CZMA compliance using a "new approach" that would take offshore oil production, pipeline maintenance, spaceport infrastructure, desalination projects and undersea cables into consideration, citing national priorities and economic interests.
今年夏天为期45天的公众意见征集期间，共收到23000多条书面意见，数百名加利福尼亚人在8月于圣莫尼卡举行的听证会上集会。冲浪者、渔民、企业主、房地产经纪人、原住民领袖、海洋科学家和普通居民排队数小时，表达对该州的支持，并敦促联邦官员在审查中摒弃政治因素。“在某些方面，决定似乎已经做出了，”圣巴巴拉居民莫琳·埃伦伯格在8月对主持听证会的联邦官员说。
More than 23,000 written comments were submitted during the 45-day public comment period this summer, and hundreds of Californians rallied at an August hearing in Santa Monica. Surfers, fishers, business owners, real estate brokers, Indigenous leaders, marine scientists and everyday residents lined up for hours to express their support for the state and urged federal officials to set politics aside in their review. "In some ways, the decision seems already made," Maureen Ellenberger, a Santa Barbara resident, said in August to the federal officials conducting the hearing.
“但我今天还是要发言，以便留下记录。这样多年以后……每个人都会知道我们曾抗争过，我们从未同意。”约95%的公众意见支持加利福尼亚州的沿海保护记录，附在初步调查结果备忘录中也承认“加利福尼亚沿海带管理计划在某些方面表现优异，且加利福尼亚在全国处于领先地位”。但在23071条书面意见中，联邦官员仅认定22条为“复杂意见”。
"But I’m speaking today anyway, so there’s a record. So years from now … everyone will know we fought, that we did not consent." About 95% of the public comments supported California's track record of coastal protection, and a memo attached to the draft findings acknowledged "certain areas where the performance of the [California Coastal Management Program] is excellent and where California is a national leader." But of the 23,071 written comments, federal officials considered only 22 to be "complex."
“在这些复杂意见中，约有12条对加利福尼亚的沿海管理表示担忧和/或不赞同，”初步审查报告称，并在其整改建议中引用了这些意见。“一些评论者声称，加利福尼亚相关机构完全反对近海石油和天然气开发，因此未能像《沿海带管理法》要求的那样忠实地考虑和权衡相关利益，”初步审查报告指出。
"Of those complex comments, approximately 12 expressed concern and/or disapproval" of California's coastal management, according to the draft review, which referred to these comments in its recommendations for corrective actions. "Some commenters claim that the California Agencies are flatly opposed to offshore oil and gas development and thus do not faithfully consider and weigh the relevant interests as required by the CZMA," the draft review noted.
“部分评论者认为，加利福尼亚州各机构对石油天然气活动和航天港基础设施项目的处理方式构成了对国家安全的威胁。”该审查还不遗余力地点名批评了加州沿海委员会对民众能否在奥塞亚诺沙丘州车辆休闲区海滩驾驶全地形车（ATV）这一问题的处理。但联邦政府对该问题几乎没有管辖权，这一直是两个州级机构之间就一处州属海滩的使用权展开的长期争斗。
"Some commenters contend that the California Agencies’ approach to oil and gas activities and spaceport infrastructure projects is a threat to national security." The review also went to notable lengths to call out the Coastal Commission's handling of whether people can drive ATVs on the beach at Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area. But the federal government has little jurisdiction over the issue, which has been a longstanding fight between two state agencies over the use of a state beach.
在一则脚注中，联邦官员列出了他们认定的“已知利益相关方”，以及他们直接通知了今年审查工作的对象：“美国石油学会；雪佛龙公司；Torridon Law PLLC；Salt Point Strategies LLC；Meta Platforms, Inc.；Amazon.com, Inc.；Davis Wright Tremaine LLP；美国疏浚承包商协会；Covenant Government Affairs；Mesa Water District；Holland & Hart LLP；美国垦务局；美国内政部；环境质量委员会；美国空军；以及美国国家航空航天局。”
In a footnote, federal officials listed whom they considered to be "known interested parties," and whom they notified directly about this year's review: "American Petroleum Institute; Chevron Corporation; Torridon Law PLLC; Salt Point Strategies LLC; Meta Platforms, Inc.; Amazon.com, Inc.; Davis Wright Tremaine LLP; Dredging Contractors of America; Covenant Government Affairs; Mesa Water District; Holland & Hart LLP; the United States Bureau of Reclamation; the United States Department of the Interior; the Council on Environmental Quality; the United States Air Force; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration."
加利福尼亚州自然资源部部长韦德·克劳福特表示，该审查过程是公众参与程序的失败，并称其为特朗普政府“预设结果的政治攻击”。“他们操纵审查的目的显而易见——代表石油公司向加州施压，为在我们海岸外进行大规模新增石油钻探铺平道路，”克劳福特说。“他们一边走这场虚假审查的过场，一边已经在准备出售新的钻探租赁权。”“当联邦机构无视数千名发声反对这场荒谬攻击的民众时，”他说，“我们正站在加利福尼亚人一边，捍卫我们的沿海社区。”
Wade Crowfoot, California's secretary for natural resources, said the review process was a failure of the public process and called it "a preordained political attack" by the Trump administration. "The aim of their rigged review is obvious — to strong-arm California on behalf of oil companies and clear the path for massive new oil drilling off our coast," Crowfoot said. "They are already preparing to sell new leases to drill even as they go through the motions of this sham review." "While federal agencies ignore thousands who made their voices heard against this ludicrous attack," he said, "we’re standing with Californians to defend our coastal communities."