东京 —— 日本正在考虑要求为外国政府利益游说的人士登记为外国代理人，旨在防止政治干预，作为反间谍工作的一部分。
TOKYO -- Japan is considering requiring people who lobby for measures that benefit foreign governments to as foreign agents, aiming to prevent political interference as part of efforts to combat espionage.
现行日本法律涵盖为获取机密情报而进行的情报活动，以及恐怖主义和其他破坏性行动，但缺乏应对旨在左右政治或舆论的影响力行动的法律依据。登记制度旨在填补这一空白。
Current Japanese law covers intelligence operations to obtain classified information, along with terrorism and other destructive actions, but it lacks legal grounds for dealing with influence operations intended to sway politics or public opinion. Registration would be intended to fill that gap.
政府周一召开了关于强化日本情报能力的专家小组会议，国家警察厅在会上提出了外国代理人登记框架的讨论要点。
The government on Monday convened an expert panel on strengthening Japan's intelligence capabilities, at which the National Police Agency laid out discussion points on a framework for foreign agent registration.
预计该小组将汇总建议，用于起草更广泛的反间谍法，并计划在明年常会期间提交国会审议。
The panel is expected to compile recommendations to be used in drafting a broader anti-espionage law, to be submitted to parliament during next year's regular session.
东京将参考其他国家的登记框架。美国有1938年颁布的《外国代理人登记法》（FARA）。英国于2025年7月实施了外国影响力登记计划，法国于同年10月采取了类似措施。
Tokyo will refer to registration frameworks in other countries. The U.S. has the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), enacted in 1938. The U.K. implemented its Foreign Influence Registration Scheme in July 2025, and France put a similar measure in place that October.
一个关键问题是谁将被认定为“外国代理人”。目前的想法是让定义涵盖向日本政府呼吁采取有利于其他国家政策的个人，如政治顾问、智库研究人员和广告公司员工。
A key question is who will be considered a "foreign agent." The current thinking is to have the definition cover individuals who appeal to the Japanese government for policies that would benefit other nations, such as political consultants, think tank researchers and employees of advertising agencies.
在美国，除了外国政府雇员和政党成员等个人外，《外国代理人登记法》也可适用于企业。它要求外国代理人明确披露其身份，创建并保存活动记录，并每六个月向政府提交报告。
In the U.S., in addition to individuals to individuals such as foreign government employees and political party members, FARA can also apply to corporations. It requires foreign agents to clearly disclose their status, create and preserve records of their activities, and submit reports to the government every six months.
欧洲的措施范围相对较窄。英国的框架涵盖代表国家元首或外国政治机构及政党行事的人员。法国要求欧盟以外的政府和政党的代理人进行登记，而公职人员本身则豁免。
The measures in Europe are somewhat narrower. The U.K. framework includes people acting on behalf of heads of state or foreign political bodies and parties. France requires registration by agents of governments and parties outside the European Union, while public officials themselves are exempt.
日本国家警察厅主张，必须惩处外国行为体实施的恶意影响力行动。其列举了隐瞒与外国势力关联的人员实施的问题行为，例如：接触公职人员以干预政策决策、散布信息以左右舆论或选举、利用经济利益施加影响。
Japan's National Police Agency argued that malicious influence operations by foreign actors must be punished. It cited examples of problematic actions by people concealing ties to foreign powers, such as contacting public officials to interfere in policy decisions, disseminating information to sway public opinion or elections or using financial benefits for influence.
美国的《外国代理人登记法》（FARA）规定了最高可判处10年监禁并处以罚金的处罚。法国的立法则为严重刑事犯罪设定了终身监禁的可能性。
The U.S.'s FARA provides for penalties of up to 10 years in prison along with fines. France's legislation raises the possibility of life imprisonment for severe criminal offenses.
日本的登记框架还需要在不侵犯国民权利和自由的前提下，明确代理人必须报告的活动内容。
Japan's registration framework would also need to specify what activities agents must report without infringing on people's rights and freedoms.
美国的报告要求延伸至外国政党代理人接触官员以阐明政党立场的行为。澳大利亚的框架则涵盖资金分配，例如向政党捐款。社交媒体活动可能纳入日本框架的监管范围，英国也是如此。
U.S. reporting requirements extend to agents of foreign political parties contacting officials to clarify party positions. Australia's framework includes distribution of money, such as contributions to political parties. Social media activity could be covered by the Japanese framework, as it is in the U.K.
通过社交媒体散布虚假信息已成为选举干预的途径。《日本经济新闻》对社交平台X的数据分析发现，约400个与中国有关联的账号协同传播帖子，意在损害日本首相高市早苗政府的形象，此事发生在去年2月的参议院选举前夕。
Disinformation through social media has been an avenue for election interference. A Nikkei analysis of data from social platform X found that roughly 400 China-linked accounts coordinated to spread posts to harm the image of Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi's government ahead of last February's upper house election.
内阁官房长官木原实周一在记者会上强调，鉴于地缘政治竞争、针对公私部门信息的网络攻击以及旨在操纵舆论的虚假信息，强化情报能力至关重要。
In a news conference Monday, Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara stressed the importance of stronger intelligence capabilities in light of geopolitical competition, cyberattacks targeting information in the public and private sectors, and disinformation meant to sway public opinion.
“防止外国不当干涉极为重要，”他说，并补充道，增强国家情报能力“只有在获得公众理解和信任的情况下才能实现”。日本尚未公布关于该国涉嫌间谍人数或国籍的官方数据。东京工业大学专门研究情报的教授落合弘树估计，“来自俄罗斯、美国和中国等国的情报官员和特工加起来至少有1000人”。
"Preventing undue interference by foreign countries is extremely important," he said, adding that bolstering the country's intelligence capabilities "can be done only with the public's understanding and trust." Japan has not released official data on the number or nationality of alleged spies in the country. Kotaro Ochiai, a professor at Tokyo University of Technology specializing in intelligence, estimates that "there are at least 1,000 intelligence officers and agents combined" from countries such as Russia, the U.S. and China.