1980年12月2日，吉米·卡特总统签署了一项重塑阿拉斯加公共土地版图的法律。《阿拉斯加国家利益土地保护法》（简称ANILCA）将超过1.04亿英亩的土地纳入保护范围，其中5700万英亩被指定为荒野。这项立法收录于《美国联邦法规汇编》1980年卷，解决了长期以来围绕阿拉斯加广袤联邦土地中有多少应继续受到保护、多少可以开放开发的争议。
On December 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter signed a law that reshaped Alaska's public-land map. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, known as ANILCA, placed more than 104 million acres under conservation protections, including 57 million acres designated as wilderness. The legislation, recorded in the 1980 volume of the United States Statutes at Large, settled a long-running dispute over how much of Alaska's vast federal land should remain protected and how much could be open to development.
最终保护面积超过了1971年法律中所设想的8000万英亩。该法保护了因野生动物、生计、休闲、科学、风景和历史而具有价值的土地和水域。它扩展了由公园、保护区、森林、纪念地、保护区和河流组成的网络，同时承认了阿拉斯加的资源开发利益。ANILCA是1971年《阿拉斯加原住民土地索赔解决法》的产物。该立法处理了涉及阿拉斯加原住民的土地问题，旨在促进经济发展。
The final acreage exceeded the 80 million acres contemplated in the 1971 law. The act protected land and water valued for wildlife, subsistence, recreation, science, scenery, and history. It expanded a network of parks, refuges, forests, monuments, conservation areas, and rivers while recognizing Alaska's resource development interests. An issue based on land claims in AlaskaANILCA was a result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The legislation addressed land issues involving Alaska Natives and aimed to foster economic development.
该法指示内政部长划拨最多8000万英亩未拨用的联邦土地，以备可能纳入国家公园、森林、野生动物保护区和野生河流系统。该法第17(d)(2)条成为这一进程的起点，最终促成了1980年ANILCA的通过。据国家公园管理局描述，ANILCA超出了最初8000万英亩的指令，向保护系统单元增加了超过1亿英亩土地。国会确定了在野生动物栖息地、生计、荒野、休闲、科学、风景和历史方面具有国家重要性的区域。
This act instructed the Secretary of the Interior to withdraw up to 80 million acres of unappropriated federal land for possible incorporation into national parks, forests, wildlife refuges, and wild river systems. Section 17(d)(2) of the act became the beginning point of the process, which eventually led to the passage of ANILCA in 1980. As described by the National Park Service, ANILCA went beyond the original 80 million-acre directive, adding more than 100 million acres to conservation system units. Congress identified areas of national significance for wildlife habitat, subsistence, wilderness, recreation, science, scenery, and history.
因此，这项立法兼顾了多方相互竞争的利益，而非仅仅聚焦于阿拉斯加的土地应当被保护还是开放开发。该法律设立或新增了13座国家公园、16处野生动物保护区、两片国家森林、两处国家纪念地、两个保护区，以及26条野生与风景河流。超过1.04亿英亩的土地受到保护，其中超过5700万英亩被指定为荒野。荒野区域构成了联邦体系中公共土地的最高保护级别。
The legislation therefore addressed several competing interests rather than focusing solely on whether Alaska's lands should be preserved or opened to development. The law established or added 13 national parks, 16 wildlife refuges, two national forests, two national monuments, two conservation areas, and 26 wild and scenic rivers. Over 104 million acres of land were protected, while over 57 million acres were designated as wilderness. Wilderness areas constitute the highest level of protection for public lands in the federal system.
然而，卡特在1980年之前就已推进了阿拉斯加的保护工作，当时他依据《文物法》指定了11处国家纪念地。美国国家公园管理局将他在1978年12月的公告描述为利用《文物法》扩展国家公园体系的最重大举措。这些指定是在国会未能于1978年12月截止期限前通过阿拉斯加土地保护法案之后作出的。它们作为临时保护措施，与此同时立法者继续就最终成为《阿拉斯加国家利益土地保护法》的立法进行谈判。
However, Carter had already advanced conservation efforts in Alaska before 1980, when he designated 11 national monuments under the Antiquities Act. The National Park Service describes his December 1978 proclamations as the most substantial use of the Antiquities Act to expand the National Park System. These designations followed the failure of Congress to pass an Alaska lands conservation bill before the December 1978 deadline. They served as temporary protections while lawmakers continued negotiations over the legislation that eventually became ANILCA.
ANILCA带来的变化根据卡特在美国国家公园管理局的传记，ANILCA为国家公园体系增加了超过4700万英亩土地。这超过了通过临时国家纪念地公告划归该体系的近4500万英亩，并且比七年前提出的3230万英亩多出近50%。那项较早的提案是联邦政府1973年阿拉斯加土地规划进程的一部分，当时卡特尚未于1977年就任总统。
Changes brought by ANILCAAccording to Carter's National Park Service biography, ANILCA added more than 47 million acres to the National Park System. This exceeded the nearly 45 million acres assigned to the system through the provisional national monument proclamations and surpassed by nearly 50% the 32.3 million acres proposed seven years earlier. That earlier proposal was part of the federal government's Alaska land-planning process in 1973, before Carter became president in 1977.
该法案将纪念地转变为国家公园和保留地，后者允许狩猎和设陷阱捕猎。根据美国国家公园管理局的说法，就在卡特1978年12月发布公告之前，阿拉斯加只有一座国家公园、两处国家纪念地和两处国家历史公园。
The act transformed monuments into national parks and preserves, and the latter allows hunting and trapping. Immediately before Carter's December 1978 proclamations, Alaska had one national park, two national monuments, and two national historical parks, according to the National Park Service.
1980年12月之后，该地区拥有八个国家公园、两个国家纪念碑、10个国家保护区、两个国家历史公园和一条野生河流。冰川湾和卡特迈纪念碑成为与毗邻保护区相连的国家公园，而迪纳利国家公园则增设了迪纳利国家保护区。根据国家公园管理局的说法，ANILCA进一步禁止通过总统公告扩大阿拉斯加的国家公园体系。
After December 1980, it had eight national parks, two national monuments, 10 national preserves, two national historical parks and one wild river. Glacier Bay and Katmai monuments became national parks with adjoining preserves, while Denali National Park was joined by a Denali National Preserve.ANILCA further prohibited expansion of the National Park System in Alaska by presidential proclamation, according to the Park Service.
这一规定限制了未来的单方面扩张，并使国会在决定额外国家公园指定方面发挥核心作用。它也反映了立法背后的妥协，该立法旨在保护欠发达州的大片土地，同时兼顾具有资源开发潜力的地区。该法案由卡特在其总统任期后期签署，时间为1980年12月2日。其重要性在于所保护土地的多样性，包括国家公园、野生动物保护区、荒野地区和野生河流。
This provision placed a limit on future unilateral expansion and gave Congress a central role in decisions about additional national park designations. It also reflected the compromise behind the legislation, which sought to conserve large tracts of land in an underdeveloped state while accounting for areas with potential for resource development. The law was signed by Carter late in his presidency, on December 2, 1980. Its importance stems from the diversity of the lands protected, which include national parks, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and wild rivers.