我在阿拉斯加担任陆军步兵军官长达四年，我们的作战范围从北冰洋的普鲁德霍湾一直延伸到阿留申群岛，甚至接近俄罗斯的边境。
I spent four years as an Army infantry officer in Alaska, where our operational responsibilities stretched from Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean to the Aleutian Islands reaching toward Russia.
在1989年的“Brim Frost”军事演习中，约有2.6万名美国和加拿大士兵参与了此次演习，我当时担任旅级作战指挥官。在演习期间，我们穿越阿拉斯加内陆地区时，气温曾低至零下76摄氏度。这次演习导致了250多起与寒冷天气相关的伤病，其中88例为冻伤。在如此极端的低温环境下，燃料系统会出现故障，电池会失去电力，润滑剂会变得黏稠，武器和车辆也可能出现故障——这些情况在温暖气候地区的士兵几乎从未遇到过。
During Exercise Brim Frost ’89, some 26,000 American and Canadian troops took the field, and I served as a brigade operations officer. As we maneuvered across Alaska’s interior, temperatures plunged as low as 76 degrees below zero. The exercise produced more than 250 cold-weather injuries, including 88 cases of frostbite. At those temperatures, fuel systems become unreliable, batteries lose power, lubricants thicken and weapons and vehicles can fail in ways soldiers from warmer climates rarely encounter.
在维尔的滑雪场待上一周根本无法让人适应北极的严酷环境；北极对那些没有准备的人来说，就是一场真正的“惩罚”。
And no, a week on the slopes at Vail does not prepare anyone for that. The Arctic punishes amateurs.
经过数月的激烈争论，特朗普关于格陵兰岛的协议终于达成。正因这样的经历，唐纳德·特朗普总统周二在联合国上的声明才值得我们超越政治层面的关注。他告诉联合国大会：“我们将建设两个规模庞大的军事基地。”
TRUMP’S GREENLAND DEAL SET FORG AFTER MONTHS-LONG FIGHT OVER US CONTROL That experience is why President Donald Trump’s Greenland announcement at the United Nations on Tuesday deserves attention beyond the political headlines. "We’ll be building two very major military bases," the president told the General Assembly.
特朗普与丹麦首相梅特·弗雷德里克森以及格陵兰岛总理延斯-弗雷德里克·尼尔森签署的协议修改了1951年签署的防御条约。该协议允许美国对位于西北部的皮图菲克（Pituffik）太空基地进行现代化改造和扩建，并在南部纳萨萨苏阿克（Narsarsuaq）和东北部梅斯特斯维格（Mestersvig）建立新的军事设施。同时，该协议还赋予美军广泛的通行权——包括通过陆地、空中和海路进入格陵兰岛的权限，甚至允许美国军舰在格陵兰岛领海内自由航行。
The agreement Trump signed with Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen and Greenland Premier Jens-Frederik Nielsen amends the 1951 defense pact. It allows the United States to modernize and expand the existing Pituffik Space Base in the northwest and to establish new defense areas at Narsarsuaq in the south and Mestersvig in the northeast. It also grants U.S. forces broad access by land, air and sea, including undersea access for American public vessels within Greenland’s territorial waters. TRUMP DECLARES VICTORY IN HISTORIC DEAL WITH GREENLAND AS HE SECURES 'PERMANENT' US MILITARY RIGHTS Announcing an Arctic base, however, is a long way from making one operational. Frederiksen said no decision has been made on the specifics of Golden Dome, and Washington has yet to say which forces will occupy the new sites or when.
尽管特朗普宣布在格陵兰岛建立了军事基地，但这并不意味着这些基地已经能够立即投入使用。弗雷德里克森表示，关于基地的具体建设方案尚未确定，华盛顿方面也尚未明确哪些部队会驻扎在这些新基地，以及具体入住时间。
Forget the flat map and look at the globe from over the North Pole. Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland form the northern approaches to North America, and Greenland sits astride the routes connecting the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic and Europe.
抛开平面地图，从北极上空俯瞰地球。阿拉斯加、加拿大北部和格陵兰岛构成了北美洲的北部入口，而格陵兰岛则横跨连接北冰洋、北大西洋和欧洲的航线。
Forget the flat map and look at the globe from over the North Pole. Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland form the northern approaches to North America, and Greenland sits astride the routes connecting the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic and Europe.
为何特朗普将目光锁定在世界第一大岛、大部分被冰雪覆盖的格陵兰岛——通过三张图表解读。五角大楼的《2024年北极战略》将北美北极地区称为国土防御的关键，因为这里部署了北美防空司令部的航空航天和海上预警系统。
WHY TRUMP ZEROED IN ON GREENLAND, THE WORLD’S LARGEST ISLAND, MOSTLY COVERED IN ICE — IN 3 CHARTS The Pentagon’s 2024 Arctic Strategy calls the North American Arctic vital to homeland defense because it hosts NORAD’s aerospace and maritime warning.
格陵兰岛世世代代都是战略要地。纳萨尔苏瓦克（Narsarsuaq）本身曾是美国的一个空军基地，即“蓝色西一号”（Bluie West One），直到1958年美国将其关闭。在冷战高峰期，华盛顿在岛上运营着17个军事设施，驻扎着超过1万名士兵。如今，只剩下皮图菲克（Pituffik）基地，驻扎着约150名军人。
Greenland has been strategic terrain for generations. Narsarsuaq itself was an American air base, Bluie West One, until the United States closed it in 1958. At the height of the Cold War, Washington operated 17 military facilities with more than 10,000 troops on the island. Today only Pituffik remains, with about 150 service members. TRUMP’S MASSIVE GREENLAND DEAL MAKES CLEAR WHO CONTROLS THE ARCTIC’S STRATEGIC FUTURE Pituffik supports missile warning, missile defense and space surveillance. The new agreement recognizes American access to defend Greenland, the NATO area and the American continent, including through Golden Dome, Trump’s planned missile-defense system.
特朗普的格陵兰岛大规模协议明确了谁在掌控北极的战略未来。皮图菲克基地为导弹预警、导弹防御和太空监视提供支持。这项新协议承认了美国为保卫格陵兰岛、北约地区和美洲大陆而享有的准入权，其中包括通过特朗普计划中的“金穹”（Golden Dome）导弹防御系统。
Add Narsarsuaq and Mestersvig, and the United States could build a distributed Arctic network. Pituffik is already the northern sensor and space node. Narsarsuaq could strengthen access to Greenland’s southern approaches and the North Atlantic, while Mestersvig could extend American and allied reach toward the Greenland Sea.
如果加上纳萨尔苏瓦克和梅斯特斯维格（Mestersvig），美国可以建立一个分布式北极网络。皮图菲克已经是北部的传感器和太空节点。纳萨尔苏瓦克可以加强对格陵兰岛南部入口和北大西洋的控制，而梅斯特斯维格则可以扩大美国及其盟友在格陵兰海的影响力。
ARCTIC POWER PLAY GIVES TOP US ADVERSARY NEW OPENING WITH RUSSIA AS US STAKES GROW That geography matters most against Russia. Russia fields the most developed military presence in the Arctic. Its Kola Peninsula hosts the Northern Fleet and important strategic nuclear forces. The Pentagon warns that Russian Arctic capabilities could place the American homeland and allied territory at risk and complicate U.S. power projection.
北极博弈给美国的主要对手提供了新机会，随着美国利益的增加，俄罗斯也随之介入。这种地理位置在对抗俄罗斯时最为重要。
Russia fields the most developed military presence in the Arctic. Its Kola Peninsula hosts the Northern Fleet and important strategic nuclear forces. The Pentagon warns that Russian Arctic capabilities could place the American homeland and allied territory at risk and complicate U.S. power projection.
俄罗斯在北极拥有最发达的军事存在。其科拉半岛驻扎着北方舰队和重要的战略核力量。五角大楼警告称，俄罗斯的北极能力可能使美国本土和盟国领土面临风险，并使美国的兵力投送复杂化。
SECURITY EXPERT HAILS TRUMP'S GREENLAND PACT AS A 'BIG DEAL' ON PAR WITH ALASKA PURCHASE Russia does not have to invade Greenland for Greenland to matter. Russian submarines, long-range aircraft and missiles make the island important because of where it sits. More American sites could improve warning, surveillance, reinforcement and resilience while reducing our dependence on a single installation.
安全专家盛赞特朗普的格陵兰协议是堪比阿拉斯加购买的“重大交易”俄罗斯无需入侵格陵兰，该岛依然至关重要。由于格陵兰的地理位置，俄罗斯潜艇、远程飞机和导弹使其具有重要战略意义。增设更多美国基地可以提升预警、监视、增援和韧性，同时降低我们对单一设施的依赖。
China presents a different problem. Beijing is not an Arctic nation, yet it has spent years seeking influence there. The Pentagon strategy documents Chinese icebreaker operations, dual-use research and growing military cooperation with Russia.
中国则构成了不同的问题。北京并非北极国家，却多年来寻求在该地区施加影响。五角大楼的战略文件记录了中国破冰船行动、军民两用研究以及与俄罗斯日益增长的军事合作。
CHINA ‘WIRETAPPED RED SEA’ WITH SPY HUB 6 MILES FROM US BASE: EX PENTAGON OFFICIAL WARNS Against China, the agreement’s most consequential provision may involve no runway at all. No non-NATO country may establish a manned or unmanned military installation or maintain a persistent military presence in Greenland without the parties’ agreement. The pact also bars non-allied control of, or significant influence over, critical infrastructure, resource extraction and other sensitive sectors. It has no expiration date, and it requires Denmark and Greenland to ensure that any future independent Greenland remains in NATO and assumes the pact’s defense obligations.
前五角大楼官员警告：中国通过距离美军基地仅6英里的间谍中心“窃听红海”针对中国，该协议最具深远影响的条款可能根本不涉及跑道。未经各方同意，任何非北约国家不得在格陵兰建立有人或无人军事设施，或维持持续的军事存在。该协议还禁止非盟国控制或重大影响关键基础设施、资源开采及其他敏感领域。该协议没有到期日，并要求丹麦和格陵兰确保未来独立的格陵兰留在北约，并承担该协议的防务义务。
CHINA ‘WIRETAPPED RED SEA’ WITH SPY HUB 6 MILES FROM US BASE: EX PENTAGON OFFICIAL WARNS Against China, the agreement’s most consequential provision may involve no runway at all. No non-NATO country may establish a manned or unmanned military installation or maintain a persistent military presence in Greenland without the parties’ agreement. The pact also bars non-allied control of, or significant influence over, critical infrastructure, resource extraction and other sensitive sectors. It has no expiration date, and it requires Denmark and Greenland to ensure that any future independent Greenland remains in NATO and assumes the pact’s defense obligations.
特朗普表示：“任何美国对手都绝不会被允许在格陵兰建立军事存在。”这堵上了中国在北极建立据点的一条途径。美国对抗俄罗斯和中国在北极的影响，两艘破冰船驶向阿拉斯加这一切并未改变我在零下76度学到的教训。北极基地是一条必须在严冬一月存活的供应链。而北极部队不仅仅是临时调派北上的士兵。在这些基地运作的人员必须懂得如何在那些常规错误会迅速致命的地方生活、维护装备并执行任务。
"No U.S. adversary will ever be permitted to establish a military presence in Greenland," Trump said. That closes one path to a Chinese foothold in the Arctic. TWO ICEBREAKERS HEADED TO ALASKA AS US COMBATS RUSSIAN, CHINESE INFLUENCE IN ARCTIC None of this changes the lesson I learned at 76 below zero. An Arctic base is a supply chain that has to survive January. And an Arctic force is more than troops flown north on short notice. The people operating those bases must know how to live, maintain equipment and perform their missions where routine mistakes quickly turn deadly.
燃料必须送达。飞机必须起飞。车辆必须启动。通信必须畅通。士兵必须在户外行动，避免成为严寒天气下的伤亡人员。备件必须从美国的工业基地跋涉数千英里。
Fuel must arrive. Aircraft must fly. Vehicles must start. Communications must work. Soldiers must function outdoors without becoming cold-weather casualties. Spare parts must travel thousands of miles from America’s industrial base.
美国陆军的北极战略指出，该军种必须“完成人员配置、训练、装备和组织，以在北极取得胜利”。五角大楼要求在北纬65度以北改善通信，因为该区域的卫星覆盖较为薄弱。皮图菲克和梅斯特斯维格均位于该线以北很远的地方。
The Army’s Arctic strategy says the service must "man, train, equip, and organize to win in the Arctic." The Pentagon calls for better communications above 65 degrees north, where satellite coverage thins. Pituffik and Mestersvig both sit well north of that line.
两个额外的美国防区能否增强对俄罗斯和中国的威慑力？可以，但仅靠混凝土和跑道无法威慑任何人。
Can two additional U.S. defense areas strengthen deterrence against Russia and China? They can, but concrete and runways alone deter no one.
当对手相信美国及其盟友能够洞察来袭威胁、调动部队、维持补给并有效应对时，威慑力便存在。格陵兰岛在对抗俄罗斯方面强化了上述每一项能力。而在对抗中国方面，拒绝其军事准入和战略投资可能同样重要。
Deterrence exists when an adversary believes America and its allies can see what is coming, move forces, sustain them and respond effectively. Greenland strengthens each of those against Russia. Against China, denying military access and strategic investment may matter just as much.
该协议提供了地理优势和准入条件。艰巨的工作在于将这些转化为持久的能力。
The agreement provides geography and access. The hard work is converting them into enduring capability.
点击此处阅读更多福克斯新闻观点 阿拉斯加很早就教会了我，北极对PPT式的计划或乐观的假设几乎没有耐心。在零下76度的严寒中，战略会迅速遭遇现实的检验。
CLICK HERE FOR MORE FOX NEWS OPINION Alaska taught me long ago that the Arctic has little patience for PowerPoint plans or optimistic assumptions. At 76 below zero, strategy meets reality fast.
自二战和冷战以来，对手已经改变，但地理环境并未改变。北极严酷无情的本质也未曾改变。
The adversaries have changed since World War II and the Cold War. The geography has not. Neither has the Arctic’s unforgiving nature.