迪拜，9月30日电 - 美军定于周三从其在伊拉克的最后几个基地撤离，这一离去被伊朗及其盟友视为胜利，这些势力在伊拉克拥有深远影响力，而美军在该国长达二十余年的战争中已有4500名士兵阵亡。
DUBAI, Sept 30 - US forces are set to withdraw on Wednesday from their last bases in Iraq, a departure celebrated as a victory by Iran and its allies, which have deep influence in the country where 4,500 Americans died during more than two decades of war.
尽管如此，自2003年入侵伊拉克以来，美国实际上一直控制着伊拉克的石油收入美元，这赋予了华盛顿对巴格达事务非同寻常的杠杆作用，并对涉及伊朗的地区动态产生影响。这主要源于通过纽约联邦储备银行管理伊拉克的石油收入。
Still, since its 2003 invasion of Iraq, the US has held effective control of the country's oil revenue dollars, giving Washington extraordinary leverage over Baghdad's affairs, with implications for regional dynamics involving Iran. This stems primarily from the management of Iraq's oil income through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
2003年入侵后，由美国主导的联盟临时管理当局（CPA）设立了伊拉克发展基金（DFI），该基金存放于纽约联储，旨在收集石油收入用于重建和发展工作。
After the 2003 invasion, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), led by the US, set up the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI), held at the New York Fed, and designed to collect the oil revenues for use in reconstruction and development efforts.
该基金还旨在保护伊拉克石油收入免受与萨达姆·侯赛因统治时期相关的诉讼和索赔影响。
The Fund also aimed to protect the Iraqi oil revenues from lawsuits and claims relating to Saddam Hussein's rule.
时任总统小布什签署的设立该安排的行政命令，历任总统均予以续签。伊拉克发展基金最终演变为伊拉克中央银行在纽约联储的一个账户，沿用至今。
An executive order by then president George W. Bush to set up the arrangement has been renewed by every president since. The DFI eventually became an account of the Central Bank of Iraq at the New York Federal Reserve, as it remains today.
这给美国对伊拉克带来了何种杠杆作用？石油是伊拉克最重要的收入来源，约占国家预算的90%。这使得华盛顿对伊拉克的经济和政治稳定拥有重大影响力。
WHAT LEVERAGE DOES THIS GIVE THE US OVER IRAQ? Oil is Iraq's most important revenue source, making up about 90% of the state budget. This gives Washington significant sway over the country's economic and political stability.
2020年伊拉克政府要求美军撤军时，华盛顿据报威胁要切断伊拉克使用纽约联储资金的渠道，巴格达最终妥协退让。
When the Iraqi government asked US troops to leave in 2020, Washington reportedly threatened to cut Iraq's access to the New York Federal Reserve funds, with Baghdad ultimately backing down.
虽然自占领初期以来，伊拉克已对其财政事务获得了更多控制权，但这种关联凸显了美国对伊拉克经济版图的持久影响力，即便后者正寻求彰显主权与独立。
While Iraq has gained more control over its financial affairs since the early years of the occupation, the link highlights the enduring influence of the US on the economic landscape of Iraq, even as the latter seeks to assert sovereignty and independence.
为何这一安排延续了如此之久？该系统有助于巩固伊拉克的金融稳定并保障国家财政，政府官员在接受路透社采访时透露，条件是不具名。
WHY HAS THE ARRANGEMENT ENDURED FOR SO LONG? The system helped anchor Iraq's financial stability and safeguards state finances, government officials told Reuters on condition of anonymity.
他们表示，这增强了国际社会对石油收入管理的信心，便利了贸易和进口所需美元的获取，并保护收入免受外部索赔和金融冲击的影响，包括债权人索赔和诉讼。
It boosts international confidence in the management of oil income, eases access to US dollars needed for trade and imports, and protects revenues from external claims and financial shocks, including claims by creditors and lawsuits, they said.
他们补充道，该安排支持汇率稳定并支撑对伊拉克经济的信心，同时致力于加强国内金融机构并维护更大的经济主权。
The arrangement supports exchange-rate stability and underpins confidence in the Iraqi economy, while working to strengthen domestic financial institutions and assert greater economic sovereignty, they added.
这也使政府能够抵制一些行为体，例如亲伊朗武装团体，它们寻求减少美元获取的限制。去年，美国制裁了被指控为伊朗洗钱的伊拉克银行和个人。该安排对伊拉克产生了何种影响？
It also allows the government to push back against some actors, such as Iran-allied groups, who seek fewer curbs on dollar access. Last year, the US imposed sanctions on Iraqi banks and individuals it accused of laundering money for Iran. HOW HAS THIS ARRANGEMENT AFFECTED IRAQ?
对美元供应的严厉限制导致了一个平行的、非正式的美元市场出现，造成央行设定的官方汇率与黑市汇率之间出现价差。这种价差本质上是为在正式体系外交易而支付的风险溢价。
The heavy curbs on US dollar supply led to a parallel, informal market for dollars, resulting in a price spread between the official exchange rate set by the central bank and that on the black market. The price difference is essentially a risk premium for dealing outside the formal system.
在第二个任期内，特朗普总统推行了对伊朗的“极限施压”行动，伊拉克常陷入交火之中，因为德黑兰将其作为重要的经济命脉。
In his second term, President Donald Trump has pursued a campaign of maximum pressure on Iran, with Iraq often caught in the crossfire as Tehran has used it as a vital economic lung.
他于2月28日发动的以色列对伊朗战争给巴格达带来了进一步压力。伊拉克石油收入管理的现状如何？伊拉克石油收入仍由纽约联邦储备银行托管。
The war he launched with Israel against Iran on February 28 added further pressure on Baghdad. WHAT IS THE STATUS OF IRAQ'S OIL REVENUE MANAGEMENT? Iraqi oil revenues remain in the custody of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
伊拉克中央银行历史上一直利用美元拍卖（正式名称为外汇窗口）作为供应美元的主要机制。私营银行和兑换行可每日竞标，用伊拉克第纳尔购买美元。
CBI has historically used dollar auctions, formally known as the foreign currency window, as the main mechanism to supply dollars. Private banks and exchange houses could bid daily to purchase US dollars using Iraqi dinars.
伊拉克在2025年初正式终止了拍卖制度，此前面临巨大的美国压力，这是针对涉嫌向受制裁方（尤其是伊朗）输送美元的广泛打击行动的一部分。
Iraq formally ended the auction system at the start of 2025 after significant US pressure, part of a broad crackdown on alleged siphoning of dollars to sanctioned parties, especially Iran.