密歇根州底特律——在贸易紧张局势与加速电动化转型的双重压力下，美国汽车制造商正更加紧密地拥抱其中国合作伙伴。
DETROIT, Michigan -- Caught between trade tensions and the need to speed up electrification, U.S. automakers are embracing their Chinese partners tighter.
上周，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普与中国国家主席习近平在华盛顿举行峰会。此前外界猜测，美国可能会放宽对中国制造汽车的限制。
Last week's summit in Washington between U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping was preceded by speculation that the U.S. might ease restrictions on vehicles made in China.
尽管峰会后的协议中并未包含此类结果，但中国汽车进入美国市场的可能性依然存在。
While no such outcome was included in the post-summit agreement, the entry of Chinese cars into the American market remains on the table.
本周，美国三大汽车制造商——通用汽车、福特汽车以及克莱斯勒母公司Stellantis——的高管们齐聚密歇根州，参加为期数日的行业活动。
Executives of the Big Three U.S. automakers -- General Motors, Ford Motor and Chrysler owner Stellantis -- gathered for a multiday industry event in the state of Michigan this week.
周二，福特首席执行官吉姆·法利（Jim Farley）就福特与中国制造商的关系表示：“我们的答案很简单。”
On Ford's relationship with Chinese manufacturers, CEO Jim Farley said Tuesday: "Our answer is pretty simple."
法利说：“我们将在自身缺乏知识产权的领域，以及在欧洲或东南亚等能够提高资本效率的地方，与中国伙伴开展合作。同时，我们也将直接与他们竞争，推出通用电动汽车（UEV）。这两者完全可以并行不悖，并非互斥关系。”福特将采用中国宁德时代（CATL）提供的技术，用于其售价3万美元的电动皮卡电池，该车型最早将于2027年推出。此外，福特已同意在西班牙与中国吉利汽车控股有限公司成立合资企业。
"We're going to partner with the Chinese where we don't have IP, where we can be more capital-efficient in places like Europe or Southeast Asia, and we're also going to compete with them directly with UEV [universal electric vehicles], and both can be totally fine," Farley said. "They aren't mutually exclusive." Ford will use technology provided by China's CATL for batteries installed in the U.S. automaker's $30,000 electric pickup trucks, due out as early as 2027. In Spain, Ford has agreed to establish a joint venture with China's Geely Automobile Holdings.
特朗普政府密切关注美国企业与中国企业之间的紧密关系。法利表示，福特在决定哪些业务保留在内部、哪些业务外包时，必须采取战略性思维。法利说：“如果你不知道自己想要拥有什么，你就会失败。”
The Trump administration is watchful of close ties between American and Chinese firms. Ford needs to be strategic in deciding what to keep in-house and what to outsource, Farley said. "If you don't know what you want to own, you are going to fail," said Farley.
福特总裁兼首席执行官吉姆·法利（左）与通用汽车总裁马克·吕斯（Mark Reuss）于9月29日在一场汽车行业活动上发言。
Ford President and CEO Jim Farley, left, and GM President Mark Reuss spoke at an auto industry event Sept. 29. "This is what Ford learned with Mazda.
他补充道：“这就是福特从马自达身上学到的教训。如果我们把整个平台战略都委托给马自达，就等于放弃了公司的核心能力。”他指的是这家日本汽车制造商，福特过去曾与其存在资本关联。
If we delegate all of our platform strategy to Mazda, we are giving away the essential capability of the company," he added, referring to the Japanese automaker with which it had capital ties in the past.
美国议员正在权衡一项立法，拟永久禁止中国汽车制造商在美国本土销售和生产汽车。三大汽车制造商正呼吁特朗普政府维持对中国汽车的限制。
U.S. lawmakers are weighing legislation that would permanently ban the sale and production of vehicles by Chinese automakers on American soil. The Big Three automakers are calling on the Trump administration to maintain restrictions on Chinese cars.
但与此同时，出于一个重要原因，它们仍希望与中国竞争对手合作：自身在电动汽车技术方面处于劣势。
But all the while, they still want to work with Chinese rivals for a big reason: their own disadvantage in EV technology.
战略与国际问题研究中心（CSIS）的斯科特·肯尼迪表示：“随着中国企业先在中国、随后在全球范围内变得更具竞争力，它们在中国市场的机会已经减少。因此，我认为，这促使美国公司调整了对中国同行的态度。”
"Their opportunities in China have dwindled as Chinese companies have become more competitive, first in China and then globally, and so I think that has led to an adjustment in American companies' attitudes about their Chinese counterparts," said Scott Kennedy at the Center for Strategic & International Studies.
自20世纪90年代以来，美国汽车制造商一直与中国汽车制造商成立合资企业。它们向中国合作伙伴传授了汽车制造技术，但进入电动汽车时代后，双方的角色发生了逆转。
U.S. automakers have had joint ventures with Chinese automakers since the 1990s. They taught car manufacturing to Chinese partners, but the EV era has seen a role reversal.
今年8月，通用汽车将其与上汽集团的合资协议再延长20年。通用汽车2025年在中国市场的销量降至约190万辆，不到峰值时期的一半。延长合资协议的主要动因，是通用汽车希望获得电动汽车技术。
In August, GM extended its joint venture agreement with SAIC Motor for another 20 years. GM's sales in China fell to around 1.9 million vehicles in 2025, less than half of their peak. The extension of the agreement was driven by GM's desire to gain EV tech.
通用汽车总裁马克·鲁周二表示：“我认为，我们需要能够考察他们生产的产品，并彻底了解这些产品。”
"I think we need to be able to look at what they're producing [and] understand it thoroughly," GM President Mark Reuss said Tuesday.
鲁补充说：“我们无法凭借补贴参与竞争，但可以在技术、工程以及为客户真正需要的东西提供价值方面展开竞争。”
"We aren't going to be able to compete with subsidies, but we can compete on technology, engineering, and delivering value to what the customers really want," Reuss added.
混合动力车型供应不足，也构成了依赖中国合作伙伴的一个动机。混合动力车型在美国市场这一日益重要的细分市场中越来越受欢迎。
A shortage of hybrid models -- an increasingly popular segment of the U.S. market -- also creates a motivation for relying on Chinese partners.
据研究机构考克斯汽车公司的数据，在今年7月至9月季度售出的美国新车中，三大汽车制造商的合计市场份额预计将降至略高于36%的历史低点。
For new vehicles sold in the U.S. in the July-September quarter, the combined market share of the three automakers is projected to fall to a record low of just over 36%, according to research firm Cox Automotive.
与此同时，亚洲汽车制造商——例如在混合动力汽车领域实力雄厚的丰田汽车和现代汽车——的市场份额仍接近历史高点，连续两个季度的合计份额均超过50%。
Meanwhile, Asian automakers -- such as Toyota Motor and Hyundai Motor, both strong in hybrids -- have maintained near record-high market shares that topped a combined 50% for two consecutive quarters.
在拜登政府推出的电动汽车税收抵免政策鼓舞下，三大汽车制造商在美国大举投资电动汽车和电池业务。但亏损不断加剧，阻碍了它们寻求增长。
The Big Three invested heavily in EVs and batteries in the U.S., emboldened by EV tax credits rolled out under the Biden administration. But losses mounted, hindering their ability to pursue growth.