在以美国为首的国际部队从伊拉克撤出后，伊拉克的库尔德武装力量正迎来一个新时代。这些国际部队此前一直在伊拉克作战，旨在打击伊斯兰国（ISIS）。
Iraq’s Kurdish forces are entering a new era following the withdrawal of US-led international forces that had been in the country to fight ISIL (ISIS). On Wednesday, the United States announced the formal end of Operation Inherent Resolve, its name for the 12-year-long campaign to defeat ISIL, and the completion of the withdrawal of its military forces from Iraq.
周三，美国正式宣布结束了名为“Inherent Resolve”的军事行动——这场持续了12年的反ISIS战役，并完成了从伊拉克撤军的过程。其他参与打击该武装组织的盟友也按照华盛顿和巴格达两年前设定的9月30日最后期限，相继从伊拉克撤出了军队。
Other partners in the war against the armed group also withdrew from Iraq, in accordance with a September 30 deadline set by Washington and Baghdad two years prior.
多年来，伊拉克的库尔德武装力量（即“佩什梅加”部队）一直依赖联军，尤其是美国的军事支持，来维护自身的自治权并抵御伊斯兰国的威胁。然而，这些盟军的撤出给伊拉克带来了新的政治和安全挑战：库尔德武装力量的未来将何去何从？
For years, Iraq’s Kurdish forces – known as the Peshmerga – have relied on close military support from coalition forces, and the US in particular, to safeguard their autonomy and defend against ISIL. Their withdrawal has posed new political and security challenges for Iraq. Where does the Peshmerga stand today?
在联军撤军前的几天，总部位于埃尔比尔的库尔德地区政府（KRG）宣布，他们终于成功将各库尔德武装派系整合成了一支统一的作战力量。在庆祝这一事件的仪式上，KRG主席内奇尔万·巴尔扎尼表示，这是巩固该地区政权的重要一步。他说：“库尔德斯坦需要一支统一的军队、一个统一的政府机构以及一个统一的指挥体系。佩什梅加必须成为一支不受政党干预和争端影响的全国性武装力量。今天，我们朝着这一目标迈出了重要的一步。”
The challenge of unification Days before the coalition’s withdrawal, on September 21, the Erbil-based Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) – which presides over Iraq’s semi-autonomous Kurdistan region – announced that it had finally merged Kurdish armed factions into a unified fighting force. In his speech at the ceremony marking the event, KRG President Nechirvan Barzani characterised it as a major national step towards consolidating the region’s institutions. “Kurdistan needs one force, one ministry, and one command,” he said.
巴尔扎尼还宣布，隶属于他的库尔德民主党（KDP）及其历史对手库尔德爱国联盟（PUK）的武装部队现已被纳入统一的指挥体系之下。库尔德民主党与库尔德爱国联盟是伊拉克库尔德族群中的两大主要政治势力。
“The Peshmerga must be a national force, free from party interference and disputes. Today, we take a major step towards achieving this goal.”Barzani announced that the militias affiliated with his Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) and its historic rival Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were now under one structure.
中东政治分析师、多哈阿拉伯视角研究所（Arab Perspectives Institute）的创始人齐东·阿尔基纳尼（Zeidon Alkinani）在接受半岛电视台（Al Jazeera）采访时表示，这种整合有助于稳定伊拉克的局势。
The KDP and PUK represent the two dominant Kurdish Iraqi factions. Zeidon Alkinani, a Middle East political analyst and founding director of the Doha-based Arab Perspectives Institute, told Al Jazeera that the unification would help stabilise Iraq.
“伊拉克最具破坏性的矛盾其实存在于各个社区内部——即什叶派内部和库尔德人内部，而非他们彼此之间，”他说。
“Iraq’s most damaging rivalries have been within communities, intra-Shia and intra-Kurdish, not between them,” he said.
他认为，削弱总部位于埃尔比勒的库尔德民主党（KDP）以及总部位于苏莱曼尼亚的库尔德人民党（PUK）在库尔德武装力量（Peshmerga）中的影响力，有助于“增强伊拉克的稳定，并为埃尔比勒与巴格达之间的合作提供更坚实的法律基础”。
He says reducing the role of the Erbil-based KDP and the Sulaymaniyah-based PUK party structures within the Peshmerga “strengthens Iraq’s stability and gives Erbil firmer legal footing with Baghdad”.
然而，这项工作远未完成。巴尔扎尼在讲话中警告称，库尔德武装力量的统一只是一个新的开始，这个阶段可能会比过去的库尔德人斗争更加艰难，库尔德武装力量必须超越党派利益，采取中立立场。
However, the work is far from finished. Barzani, in his speech, warned that the unification marked the start of a phase that “may be even more difficult” than past Kurdish struggles, requiring the Peshmerga to stand above party loyalties.
阿尔基纳尼（Alkinani）指出：“真正的考验在于：在两个地理位置上相互独立的军事指挥体系仍然存在的情况下，这种统一能否真正持续下去。”
“The test is whether [unification] survives, given the persistence of two geographically distinct commands”, Alkinani says.
已退役的中将贾巴尔·阿尔-亚瓦尔（Jabbar al-Yawar）曾是库尔德地区政府（KRG）库尔德武装力量部的秘书长，他告诉半岛电视台（Al Jazeera），这些政党之间存在诸多政治分歧，尤其是在库尔德斯坦的治理方式以及与巴格达的关系方面。
Retired Lieutenant General Jabbar al-Yawar, former secretary general of the Ministry of Peshmerga in the KRG, told Al Jazeera that these parties were embroiled in a number of political disputes, including governance of Kurdistan and relations with Baghdad.
他表示，如果这些政党继续控制库尔德武装力量，这些分歧可能会蔓延到军事机构中。
These disputes, he says, could extend to military institutions if the forces remain tied to political parties.
伊拉克半自治的库尔德斯坦地区总统尼奇尔万·巴尔扎尼（Nechirvan Barzani）表示，库尔德武装力量已经为新时代做好了准备。库尔德武装力量部的发言人奥斯曼·穆罕默德（Othman Mohammed）向半岛电视台表示，尽管资源有限，库尔德武装力量“始终处于高度戒备状态”；并强调了他们在2014年击退“伊斯兰国”（ISIL）方面所发挥的关键作用。
Iraq’s semi-autonomous Kurdistan region President Nechirvan Barzani [File:Azad Lashkari/Reuters] Readiness On the ground, the Ministry of Peshmerga insists that its forces are ready for the new era. Spokesperson Major General Othman Mohammed told Al Jazeera that the Peshmerga “has always been on full alert,” touting its role in repelling the ISIL in 2014 despite having limited means.
他还提到了库尔德武装力量与伊拉克其他安全部队之间的合作关系，指出双方指挥官之间一直保持着良好的协作与配合。
He pointed to the relationship between the Peshmerga and Iraq’s other security forces, noting that commanders from both sides enjoyed very good cooperation and coordination.
随着国际联军的任务结束，这种协作变得尤为重要——因为伊拉克现在必须依靠自身的能力来侦测和阻止“伊斯兰国”的活动。
This coordination has become more important now that the international coalition has ended its mission, with Iraqis now relying on their own capabilities to detect and stop ISIL activity.
2026年9月30日，库尔德佩什梅加武装人员在位于埃尔比勒以南约60公里（37英里）的马克穆尔地区的卡拉乔格山上部署了兵力（ 。尽管库尔德方面已做好充分准备，但美国外交政策研究所的资深研究员穆罕默德·萨利赫（Mohammed Salih）表示：“库尔德人对美国的撤军仍存在相当大的疑虑和担忧。”这位研究伊拉克及地区事务的专家指出：“鉴于美国在过去三十年里一直是库尔德斯坦地区的主要安全保障力量，许多库尔德人都在质疑美国撤军是否意味着华盛顿将不再承担对库尔德安全的承诺。”
Kurdish Peshmerga fighters take position on the Qarachogh mountain in the Makhmur district, about 60 kilometres (37 miles) south of Erbil, on September 30, 2026 [Safin Hamid/AFP] Despite this readiness, Mohammed Salih, a non-resident senior fellow at the US-based Foreign Policy Research Institute and an expert on Iraqi and regional affairs, says there is “considerable uncertainty and concern among Kurds surrounding the US withdrawal”. Many are asking whether the departure of US troops means the end of Washington’s commitment to Kurdish security, he told Al Jazeera, given that the US has been “a key security guarantor for the Kurdistan region for the past three decades”.
他告诉半岛电视台（Al Jazeera）：“美国军队的撤离确实引发了库尔德人的担忧。”此外，美国在撤军时带走了关键的防空系统，这令埃尔比勒感到十分不安——因为自美国对伊朗发动战争以来，埃尔比勒已经多次遭到无人机和导弹的袭击。
Importantly, the US took with it key air defence systems when it withdrew, creating serious concern for Erbil, which has come under several drone and missile attacks since the start of the US war on Iran.
为维护稳定的关系，埃尔比勒表示愿意继续在伊拉克的联邦制框架内与巴格达保持合作。联军撤军后的第二天，库尔德民主党（KDP）领导人、前库尔德地区政府（KRG）主席马苏德·巴尔扎尼（Masoud Barzani）强调：“我们与伊拉克联邦政府保持着密切的协调，以应对任何形式的威胁或危险，无论这些威胁来自‘伊斯兰国’（ISIS）还是其他组织。”
Balanced relations Erbil has signalled its intention to continue cooperating with Baghdad as before, under Iraq’s federalist framework. The day after coalition forces withdrew, KDP leader and former KRG President Masoud Barzani touted “very strong coordination with the Iraqi federal government to confront any kind of threat or danger, whether it comes under the name of ISIS or any other name”.
阿拉伯视角研究所（Arab Perspectives Institute）的阿尔基纳尼（Alkinani）指出：“伊拉克的联邦制与国家统一‘取决于各政党之间的沟通、协调以及对法治的尊重，而非外国军队的存在’。”在谈到联军撤军问题时，他补充说：“当华盛顿要求伊拉克解除与伊朗有关联的武装组织的武装时，巴格达陷入了困境；这些武装组织以‘美国仍在伊拉克驻军’为由拒绝服从这一要求。”
In Baghdad, he backed the federal government’s efforts to fight corruption, disarm Iran-aligned militias and settle outstanding disputes with Erbil under the constitution. Iraqi federalism and unity “depend on communication, coordination and respect for the rule of law among political parties, not on foreign troops”, Alkinani of the Arab Perspectives Institute said, in relation to the coalition withdrawal. Baghdad faced a dilemma when Washington demanded it disarm Iran-aligned Iraqi armed groups.
值得注意的是，美国在对外发动战争的同时，仍继续在伊拉克维持军事存在。
The armed groups refused, pointing to the US presence in Iraq even as it waged war on Iran.
他说，撤军可能会通过消除这种（支持联邦制的）理由来推动联邦制事业的发展，“但前提是伊拉克人要用对话和法律来取代武力”。
The withdrawal may help the cause of federalism by removing this justification, he said, “but only if Iraqis replace it with dialogue and law rather than force”.
2026年9月30日，在巴格达，支持与伊朗结盟的武装派别的民众聚集在一起，庆祝以美国为首的联军从伊拉克撤出针对“伊斯兰国”（ISIL）的部队。[Ahmad Al-Rubaye/AFP]
Supporters of Iran-aligned armed factions gather for a rally celebrating the withdrawal of forces of the US-led coalition against ISIL from Iraq, in Baghdad on September 30, 2026 [Ahmad Al-Rubaye/AFP]