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大西洋月刊

皮特·赫格塞斯,点子大王Pete Hegseth, Idea Guy

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作者:汤姆·尼古拉斯(Tom Nichols) 皮特·海格塞斯似乎把自己想象成一个充满宏大想法的人。也许你曾与这样的人共事过:每个组织里都有“点子仓鼠”,他们在轮子里飞速奔跑,抛出质量参差不齐的各种建议。有时,这样的人会成为创新者——但更多时候,他们那种东一榔头西一棒子的热情以及对自己创造力的自我欣赏,只会带来不成熟的提案,从而增加更多工作、降低生产效率,并让人从真正的问题上分心。

By Tom Nichols Pete Hegseth seems to imagine himself as a man of big ideas. Perhaps you’ve worked with someone like that: Every organization has “idea hamsters,” who spin in their wheels and toss out suggestions of wildly varying quality. Sometimes, such folks can be innovators—but more often, their scattershot enthusiasm and admiration of their own creativity result in half-baked proposals that create more work, less productivity, and distractions from the real problems.

昨天,海格塞斯在匡提科海军陆战队基地向部队发表题为“军队现状”的演讲时,提出了许多想法,其中有些想法至少作为政策的起点是有价值的。不幸的是,这仅有的几个清醒时刻,都迷失在了陈词滥调、文化战争的怨气以及海格塞斯标志性的老套作风之中。

Hegseth had a lot of ideas during his State of the Force address to troops at the Marine Corps Base Quantico yesterday, and some of them, at least as a starting point for policies, had merit. Unfortunately, these few moments of sense were lost in a fog of clichés, culture-war resentments, and trademark Hegseth corniness.

例如,这位部长指出美军内部将官过多,这或许有其道理。海格塞斯并不是第一个注意到这一点的人:国会通过立法对军队中的将军和旗官数量进行了限制。这一上限多年来一直设为962人,直到在巴拉克·奥巴马担任总统的最后一年所撰写的《2017财年国防授权法案》规定,到2022年底这一数字须减少11%。海格塞斯希望将这一数字进一步削减20%,表面上是为了精简五角大楼的官僚机构。

The secretary may have a point, for example, that the U.S. military has become top-heavy with generals and admirals. Hegseth is not the first person to notice this: Congress legislates the number of general and flag officers in the military, a cap that was set at 962 for years, until the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act, written in Barack Obama’s last year as president, mandated it be 11 percent smaller by the end of 2022. Hegseth wants to reduce that number even more, by 20 percent, ostensibly to reduce the size of the Pentagon’s bureaucracy.

到目前为止,一切还好。但赫格塞斯这番话的重点,与其说是要建立更精简的指挥架构,不如说正如他所说,是要留下那些“听懂了信息”的将军,解雇那些没听懂的。(他昨天并未说明这条“信息”具体指什么,但其中很可能包括赫格塞斯一贯的主张,比如“追求最大杀伤力,而非温吞地讲合法性”。)赫格塞斯抱怨说,媒体——而且他对此抱怨了很多次——将这些裁撤称为“大清洗”,但他称之为“问责”。

So far, so good. But Hegseth’s message was less about seeking a more streamlined command structure than it was, as he put it, about keeping generals who “heard the message” and firing those who didn’t. (That “message” wasn’t clarified yesterday, but it likely includes classic Hegseth tropes such as “maximum lethality, not tepid legality.”) Hegseth complained that the media—and he complained about the media a lot—called these reductions “a purge,” but he calls them “accountability.”

这些被解职的军官究竟做了什么,从而引发这种“问责”,目前仍不清楚。如果一名海军上将的职位只是某个旧项目或旧行动遗留下来的官僚僵尸岗位,那么解聘他是一回事;但如果仅仅因为国防部长认为此人对自己不忠而将其解聘,就是另一回事了。遗憾的是,从赫格塞斯过往的表现——他的言论,以及他时常显露的青春期式不成熟脾气——来看,他削减高级军官人数的努力关乎政治,而非效率。

Exactly what these fired officers did to trigger such “accountability” remains unclear. It’s one thing to get rid of an admiral because his or her office is just some bureaucratic zombie position left over from a previous program or initiative; it’s another to fire someone because the secretary thinks they’re disloyal to him. Unfortunately, Hegseth’s history—his statements, and his often-adolescent temperament—suggest that his efforts to downsize the senior ranks are about politics, not efficiency.

海格塞斯还宣布,他打算建立一个新的司令部,专门负责自主作战。他希望将更多注意力转向这些武器是正确的;乌克兰和伊朗的战争是以非对称战争威力为主题的血腥教训。但他没有解释为什么这些问题需要一个全新的司令部,也没有说明它将如何运作。他提供的只有一个酷炫的名字——“自动作战司令部”(Autowarcom),听起来像是为了对抗《变形金刚》而设的。

Hegseth also announced that he intends to create a new command dedicated to autonomous warfare. He is right to want to direct more attention to these weapons; the wars in Ukraine and Iran have been bloody lessons in the power of asymmetrical warfare. But he gave no explanation for why these issues require an entire command, or how it might work. All he offered was a cool name—Autowarcom—that makes it sound like it’s meant to fight the Transformers.

对于一个多次宣称自己与五角大楼官僚机构处于“消耗战”的人来说,这位部长却非常愿意创建一个需要更多高级军官和平民来配备人员的新司令部。(他还希望设立一个直接向他汇报的宗教事务办公室;这不仅会增加官僚作风,而且美国最不需要的就是这样一个宗教办公室,它竟然要向一个一再试图将个人基督教福音派色彩灌输给军队的人汇报。)

And for someone who has repeatedly declared himself “in a war of attrition” with the Pentagon’s bureaucracy, the secretary is more than willing to create a new command that would require more senior officers and civilians to staff it. (He also wants to establish an Office of Religious Affairs that reports directly to him; not only would this be more bureaucracy, but the last thing America needs is an office dedicated to religion that reports to a man who has made repeated efforts to imbue the military with his brand of Christian evangelicism.)

一旦海格塞斯打开话匣子,他的想法就变得更加荒谬。他宣布了“子午线计划”(Project Meridian),这是一项旨在对未来军队进行创造性思考的举措。这并不是一个新概念;军方经常与智库、民间国防企业和学者等各种团体合作处理此类问题。

Once Hegseth got rolling, the ideas got sillier. He announced Project Meridian, an effort to engage in creative thinking about the military of the future. This is not a new concept; the military regularly works on such issues with various groups, including think tanks, civilian defense firms, and academics.

但随后,赫格塞斯宣布了将领导这场关于未来战争头脑风暴的“三位智者”:埃隆·马斯克、纽特·金里奇和帕尔默·拉基。这三人中,拉基——安杜里尔工业公司的联合创始人——似乎是个合理的人选,但马斯克在许多问题上都有离谱的想法,而金里奇在2012年竞选总统时,推动技术进步的宏大计划是建立一个月球基地。幸运的是,该项目可能造成的损害将在一定程度上受到限制,因为赫格塞斯给这三人设定了仅120天的截止日期以提交报告。

But then Hegseth announced the three wise men who would lead all this brainstorming about the future of warfare: Elon Musk, Newt Gingrich, and Palmer Luckey. Of the three, Luckey—who co-founded the defense firm Anduril Industries—seems a reasonable choice, but Musk has crackpot ideas on any number of issues, and Gingrich’s big plan for technological advancement when he ran for president in 2012 was to build a moon base. Fortunately, the damage this project could do will be somewhat limited because Hegseth has set a deadline of just 120 days for these men to report back.

话虽如此,如果金里奇、拉基和马斯克在四个月内无法重新定义国家防御的未来,还有谁能做到呢?

Then again, if Gingrich, Luckey, and Musk can’t redefine the future of national defense in four months, who can?

这是一个充满首字母缩略词和项目代号的日子,但最出彩的是“FORTRESS America”,意为“联邦韧性、部队资源、能源、补给与生存行动”。这一昂贵构想的核心是:每个主要军事基地都应实现自给自足,包括自产能源——显然是为了应对美国本土遭受攻击的情况。你几乎能听到会议上有人脱口而出“Fortress America”,然后委员会不得不绞尽脑汁为这个首字母缩略词填词。

It was a day for acronyms and project code names, but the best was FORTRESS America, meaning “Federal Operations for Resilience, Troop Resources, Energy, Supply, and Survivability.”The expensive idea behind this one is that every major military base should be self-sustaining, including producing its own energy—apparently, in case of attack within the United States. You can almost hear the meeting where someone said “Fortress America,” and then a committee had to figure out what the acronym would stand for. (I am reminded of the classic TV show The Man From U.N.C.L.E., whose creators thought “U.N.C.L.E.” sounded cool and then had to find words to fill the letters.)

(这让我想起经典电视剧《U.N.C.L.E.特工》,创作者觉得“U.N.C.L.E.”听起来很酷,然后才去凑字母对应的单词。)说到基地,赫格塞斯希望每位州长都来五角大楼向他——甚至可能向总统!——当面推销自家州份,以竞争赢得一个全新的军事基地,一个拥有优质住房和致命作战能力的最先进设施。美国需要这样的基地吗?

Speaking of bases, Hegseth would like every governor to come to the Pentagon and pitch him, personally—and maybe even the president!—in a competition to win a brand new military base, a state-of-the-art facility with great housing and lethal capabilities. Does America need such a base?

这种努力会挪用本应用于改善其他军事设施的资金和时间吗?这些都未曾说明,但赫格塞斯似乎对在真人秀式的军事版比赛中选址感到兴奋。

Would this effort draw money and time away from improvements to other military installations? None of that was spelled out, but Hegseth seemed excited about choosing the location in a military version of a reality-TV competition.

事情就这样一路发展下去,赫格塞斯接连抛出一个个糟糕的主意,过程中还设法冒犯了无数美国人。他照例高谈阔论,要在他的“硬汉军队”里“不要胖子、不要变性人、不要留胡子的、不要怪人、不要懦夫、不要激进分子”。(“意识形态上的小丑滚出去,”他说,“爱国的牛仔进场,还要搞睾酮素测试。”) 他还贬低美国预备役军官训练团(ROTC)项目的毕业生,暗示当今的大学培养出的军官不可靠、不爱国。

And on it went, with Hegseth spinning one bad idea after another, and managing to insult any number of Americans in the process. He did his usual riff of wanting “no fatties, no trannies, no beardos, no weirdos, no wimps, no radicals” in his macho military. (“The ideological clowns are out,” he said. “The patriotic cowboys are in, with testosterone testing on top.”) He also denigrated the graduates of America’s ROTC programs by implying that today’s universities are producing unreliable and unpatriotic officers.

他想在六所大学建立新的军事项目,包括自由大学、路易斯安那州立大学和希尔斯代尔学院——据这位部长称,这些院校懂得“耶路撒冷的信仰”,也懂得希腊-罗马“共和国的支柱”。

He wants to establish new military programs at six colleges, including Liberty University, Louisiana State University, and Hillsdale College—institutions, according to the secretary, that understand “the faith of Jerusalem,” and the Greco-Roman “pillars of our republic.”

赫格塞斯无法无视伊朗战争等持续存在的问题,但他没有就战争状态下军队面临的挑战进行冷静负责的讨论,而是一如既往地沉溺于文化战争的抱怨中。他还热衷于在美军与其服务的社会之间制造对立:他反复告诉在场的部队,媒体和高等教育是他们的敌人,一度甚至声称美国媒体比伊朗官方媒体还要糟糕。他说,我们的媒体“蓄意抹黑部队和他们正在执行的历史使命”,这种做法“从根本上说是反美的。这很恶心。这是民族的背叛。这是叛国。”

Hegseth could not ignore ongoing problems such as the war in Iran, but rather than presenting a sober-minded and responsible discussion of the challenges to a military at war, the secretary instead leaned into his usual culture-war gripes. He also eagerly sowed division between the U.S. military and the society it serves: He told the assembled troops, repeatedly, that the media and higher education were their enemies, at one point saying that the American media were worse than Iran’s state media. Our press, he said, “intentionally smears the troops and the historic mission that they are undertaking,” actions that are “fundamentally anti-American. It’s sick. It’s a national betrayal. It’s treason.”

赫格塞斯的讲话再次证明,他显然不胜任国防部长一职。美国可以容忍一个臃肿的五角大楼,里面有些将军占着闲职;可以接受削减昂贵项目中的浪费、清除无能的官僚。但一个民主国家不能——也不应该——容忍一个兜售宣传、想让美国军队中服役的人成为他个人怨恨和偏见武装工具的国防部长。

Hegseth’s speech proved, yet again, that he is manifestly unfit for his job. America can endure a bloated Pentagon with some generals in make-work jobs. It can stand to trim the waste in expensive programs and root out incompetent bureaucrats. What a democracy cannot—and should not—tolerate is a secretary of defense who trucks in propaganda and wants the people who serve in America’s military to be the armed instrument of his own resentments and biases.