在加利福尼亚州，人工智能系统今后将不能再自行决定解雇或惩戒员工。州长加文·纽森的办公室称，纽森于周三签署了《禁止机器人老板法案》，这也是他当天签署的13项人工智能相关法案之一。
In California, an AI system will no longer be able to fire or discipline a worker on its own. Governor Gavin Newsom signed the No Robo Bosses Act on Wednesday, his office said. It was one of 13 AI bills he signed that day.
该法案即SB 947号法案，规定雇主不得仅依靠自动化决策系统来惩戒或解雇员工。必须由人类对照管理层的评价、同事反馈等其他证据来审核系统的判定结果；仅仅认可系统结论是不够的。此外，雇主还必须告知员工自己是否使用了此类系统。该法案将于2027年7月1日正式生效。
The law, SB 947, bars employers from relying solely on an automated decision system to discipline or fire staff. A human must check the system’s output against other evidence, such as manager evaluations or peer reviews. Simply approving it is not enough. Employers must also tell workers when they used such a system. The law takes effect on 1 July 2027.
该法案的起草者、州参议员杰里·麦克纳尼在声明中表示：“任何员工都不应被‘机器人老板’解雇或惩戒。”
“No worker should ever be fired or disciplined by a robo boss,” State Senator Jerry McNerney, who wrote the bill, said in a statement.
该州劳工专员、总检察长以及地方检察官有权监督该法案的执行。麦克纳尼的办公室称，这是美国首部此类法律。
The state labour commissioner, the attorney general and local prosecutors can enforce it. McNerney’s office called it the first such law in the US.
其他相关法案涉及工作场所监控、人工智能在医疗领域的应用、深度伪造技术以及数字复制品的使用。还有一些法案涉及技术导致员工失业时的通知义务、人工智能的透明度要求、基因合成设备的管理，以及律师和学校使用人工智能的相关规范。AB 1883号法案禁止使用能检测员工情绪状态或采集神经数据的人工智能工具；AB 1331号法案则禁止利用音频、视频或人工智能工具对员工在卫生间内的活动进行监控。
Surveillance, deepfakes and health care The other bills cover workplace surveillance, AI in health care, deepfakes and digital replicas. Others deal with notice when technology displaces workers, AI transparency, gene synthesis equipment, and AI use by lawyers and schools. AB 1883 bans workplace tools that use AI to read a worker’s emotional state or collect neural data. AB 1331 bans monitoring staff in bathrooms with audio, video or AI tools.
纽森在公告中称：“人工智能应当拓展人们的机遇，而不应以损害劳动者及其家庭的利益为代价。”
“AI should expand opportunity, not come at the expense of workers and families,” Newsom said in the announcement.
洛雷娜·冈萨雷斯是加利福尼亚州劳工联合会的主席。她表示，纽森为如何在工作中实现对人工智能的有效监管树立了典范。
Lorena Gonzalez leads the California Federation of Labor Unions. She said the governor had shown how to put human oversight over AI at work.
暗讽华盛顿方面：上述举措出台的前一天，唐纳德·特朗普总统在白宫接待了多家科技企业的负责人，多家人工智能企业还在会上签署了自愿遵守的人工智能安全协议。纽森在一段视频中批评了此次会议：“我昨天在华盛顿听到的全是胡言乱语，这绝对应该让所有人感到恐慌。”
A swipe at Washington Thegs came a day after President Donald Trump hosted tech chiefs at the White House. Several AI companies signed a voluntary AI safety accord there. Newsom criticised that meeting in a video posted on“What I heard in Washington DC yesterday is bullsh*t, and that should scare the hell out of everybody,” Newsom said.
据Gizmodo报道，特朗普还签署了一项行政命令，要求各州政府机构继续将这项技术称为“人工智能”。就在前一天，特朗普还曾下令联邦政府机构将其称为“超级智能”。今年9月初，纽森曾提议在加州引入人工智能“紧急关闭机制”。
He also signed an executive order telling state agencies to keep calling the technology “artificial intelligence”, Gizmodo reported. Trump had ordered federal agencies to call it “super intelligence” the day before. Earlier in September, Newsom pitched an AI kill switch for California.
据美联社报道，纽森还否决了SB 1130号法案。该法案原本旨在惩处那些佩戴智能眼镜偷偷录制他人行为的人，适用范围包括更衣室、诊所及其他私人场所。此外，该法案还规定自2028年起，所有具备录音功能的可穿戴设备必须在录制时亮起指示灯。
A veto on smart glasses Newsom also vetoed SB 1130, the Associated Press reported. It would have penalised people who use smart glasses to secretly record others. That covered changing rooms, doctors’ offices and other private spaces. It would also have required wearables to show a light when recording from 2028.
在否决信中，纽森指出该法案对可穿戴录音设备的定义过于宽泛，甚至可能包括某些智能手表。他同时强调，加州早已禁止在私人场所未经许可就对他人进行录音。由Meta、谷歌和亚马逊等企业组成的行业组织TechNet也反对这项法案。
In his veto letter, Newsom said the bill’s definition of a wearable recording device was too broad. It could cover some smartwatches, he wrote. California already bars recording people without consent in private spaces, he noted. TechNet, a group whose members include Meta, Google and Amazon, opposed the bill.