耶路撒冷——数十万人仍挤在破烂不堪的帐篷中，饱受鼠患与传染病的困扰。污水横流，医院人满为患。大多数房屋、学校和清真寺则依然埋没在废墟之中。
JERUSALEM — Hundreds of thousands of people are still squatting in tattered tents, beset by rodents and infectious disease. Sewage is overflowing. Hospitals are overwhelmed. Most homes, schools and mosques remain part of a sea of rubble.
自以色列为应对哈马斯发动的10月7日袭击而在加沙展开军事行动至今已三年，特朗普总统推动其加沙和平计划实施也满一年，但加沙民众的处境依然极其艰难。与此同时，由于本雅明·内塔尼亚胡总理为保住自己的职位而全力备战10月27日的以色列大选，加沙的重建工作至今仍遭到其政府的阻挠。
Three years after Israel began its military campaign in Gaza, in response to the Hamas-led Oct. 7 attack, and a year after President Donald Trump oversaw theg of his Gaza peace plan, the people of Gaza remain mired in bleak conditions, while reconstruction efforts on the ground remain blocked by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government, as he fights for his job ahead of Israel’s Oct. 27 election.
这种僵局充分反映出内塔尼亚胡及其右翼政府对特朗普和平进程的抵触态度，也显示出这位美国总统难以迫使盟友服从自己的意志，从而推动这一重要的外交政策目标得以实现。
The deadlock underscores Netanyahu’s resistance, and that of his right-wing government, to Trump’s peace process — and the U.S. president’s inability to enforce his will over an ally and push forward one of his signature foreign policy accomplishments.
一位要求匿名以透露敏感信息的美国高级官员称，在特朗普政府致力于实现和平与重建加沙的过程中，内塔尼亚胡并未予以积极配合。
A senior U.S. official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to share sensitive details, said Netanyahu has not been a cooperative partner in the Trump administration’s effort to secure peace and rebuild Gaza.
“他做了许多事来使局势进一步恶化，”这位官员说道。他特别指出，2025年10月9日，在特朗普主持下于埃及沙姆沙伊赫达成停火协议后，以色列又进一步控制了加沙的更多领土。
“He has done a number of things to aggravate the situation,” said the official, noting in particular Israel’s taking control of additional territory in Gaza after Trump presided over theg of a ceasefire agreement in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on Oct. 9, 2025.
尽管特朗普的和平计划要求以色列逐步撤军以换取哈马斯解除武装，但内塔尼亚胡在5月份对公众表示，他已下令以色列国防军占领加沙70%的领土——这一比例远高于停火协议达成时以色列所控制的53%。内塔尼亚胡办公室未对有关询问作出回应。
Even though Trump’s peace plan called for a gradual Israeli withdrawal in exchange for Hamas’s disarmament, Netanyahu told an audience in May that he had ordered the Israel Defense Forces to seize 70 percent of Gaza, up from the 53 percent Israel controlled at the time of the ceasefire. Netanyahu’s office did not respond to a request for comment on the matter.
上个月，在纽约举行的联合国大会新闻发布会上，特朗普为推动加沙和平进程而设立的和平委员会高级代表尼科莱·姆拉德诺夫承认，以色列方面的政治考量阻碍了重建工作的开展。
At a briefing at the United Nations General Assembly in New York last month, Nickolay Mladenov, the high representative of the Board of Peace that Trump created to lead the Gaza peace process, acknowledged that reconstruction efforts were hampered by political considerations in Israel.
“随着投票日临近，一切都变得更为敏感，也更具政治色彩，”姆拉德诺夫说道。
“Everything is a little bit more emotional, a little bit more politically sensitive” as the vote nears, Mladenov said.
民意调查显示，许多以色列选民将加沙民众视为安全威胁；相当一部分人甚至认为应当让犹太裔以色列人定居在加沙地带。随着选举季日益白热化，多个与内塔尼亚胡所属右翼阵营结盟的政党纷纷提出大规模迁移加沙居民的计划，这些举措实际上是从右翼方向对内塔尼亚胡形成压力；批评者指出，这些计划实质上就是种族清洗的明言。
Many Israeli voters view Gazans as a security threat and a significant swathe believe Gaza should be settled by Jewish Israelis, polls show. As the campaign season heated up, several political parties aligned with Netanyahu’s right-wing bloc have touted plans for relocating Gazans en masse, effectively outflanking Netanyahu from the right, with what critics say are explicit calls for ethnic cleansing.
上个月，领导宗教犹太复国主义党的贝扎莱尔·斯莫特里奇担任以色列财政部长。他在接受电视采访时称，故意让加沙保持一片废墟有助于实现“自愿移民”。
Last month, Netanyahu’s finance minister, Bezalel Smotrich, who heads the Religious Zionist Party, said in a TV interview that intentionally keeping Gaza in ruins would help achieve “voluntary migration.”
“促使人们移民的关键就在于剥夺他们的希望，”斯莫特里奇在接受以色列第14频道采访时谈及巴勒斯坦当地民众时说道。“他们总以为总有一天加沙能重建并恢复繁荣。但如果留下的只是狭小、拥挤且破败不堪的地方，所有人都会意识到这里已无容身之所，于是便会开始寻找其他去处。”
“The biggest key to migration is taking away their hope,” Smotrich said of Palestinian locals, in an interview with Israel’s Channel 14. “They think the day will come when they have reconstruction there and it will bloom.”But if “what remains is tiny, crowded and ruined, everyone will realize there’s nothing for them and will start looking for solutions on where to go,” he said.
7月30日，和平委员会宣布：经过数月的艰苦谈判，哈马斯已同意分阶段解除武装。特朗普在社交媒体上称赞此举是“迈向持久和平与安全的重要一步”。
On July 30, the Board of Peace announced that Hamas had agreed to disarm in phases following months of grueling negotiations — in what Trump hailed as “a monumental step toward lasting PEACE and SECURITY,” in a post to social media.
在和平委员会推出的15点道路图上， IDF将从哈马斯交出武器并放弃权力的每个加沙地区撤军，直到以色列军队返回去年特朗普宣布停火时的位置"黄线"。一个临时的巴勒斯坦政府——加沙行政国家委员会将接管每一个地区并开始重建。
Under the 15-point road map the Board of Peace unveiled, the IDF would withdraw from every sector of Gaza in which Hamas has handed over its weapons and relinquished power, until Israeli forces had returned to the “Yellow Line,” where they were positioned when Trump’s ceasefire was declared last year. An interim Palestinian government, the National Committee for the Administration of Gaza, would take over, sector by sector, and begin reconstruction.
但在8月9日，内塔尼亚胡拒绝了这份道路地图，要求哈马斯立即解除武装。
But on Aug. 9, Netanyahu rejected the road map, demanding that Hamas disarm all at once.
和平委员会官员表示，他们已经为加沙地区准备了66个"铸就绪"的项目计划，以及至少2.8亿美元用于立即满足最紧迫的需求——数十万个临时住房、清除瓦砾和医院维修。
Board of Peace officials say they have plans prepared for 66 “shovel-ready” projects in Gaza and at least $280 million to immediately spend on the most pressing needs — hundreds of thousands of temporary homes, debris removal and hospital repairs.
但这些项目无法开始，因为以色列政府尚未授权国际部队或新训的巴勒斯坦警察进入加沙地区开始清除哈马斯武器，委员会官员表示。
But the projects cannot begin because the Israeli government has not authorized international troops or newly trained Palestinian police to enter Gaza to begin decommissioning Hamas weapons, board officials say.
从耶路撒冷往北50英里，在加沙北部，僵局意味着对阿亚·阿布·瑞亚的严酷生活条件。她说，37岁的她在10月7日后不久因以色列的打击失去了新买的房子，于是花1500美元买了一个帐篷，与丈夫和三个孩子一起生活。她已经三年没有电了，三个星期没有煤气，食物由救援机构分发，她用火烹饪，用地中海的盐水洗衣。
Fifty miles from Jerusalem, in northern Gaza, the deadlock means punishing living conditions for Aya Abu Rayya. The 37-year-old teacher lost her newly purchased home to Israeli strikes shortly after Oct. 7, so she bought a tent for $1,500 to live with her husband and three children, she said. She hasn’t had electricity for three years and cooking gas for three weeks, and prepares food distributed by aid agencies, cooking by fire and washing with Mediterranean saltwater.
夏天，蚊子让一家人夜间难眠，苍蝇在白天孩子睡觉时爬满他们的脸。下雨季节，水从帐篷顶上的一个大洞流进来，留下泥泞的水坑。她说，她急切地需要一个新帐篷来过冬。
In the summer, mosquitoes keep the family awake at night, and buzzing flies cover her children’s faces when they sleep by day. During the rainy season, water streams through a large tear in her roof, leaving pools of mud on the tent floor. She said she was a desperate for a new tent before winter.
“我筋疲力尽了，”她说。“有时我们甚至会开始渴望死亡，只为了能休息一下。”前美国中东特使丹尼斯·A·罗斯曾先后任职于共和党和民主党政府，他表示担心特朗普的加沙和平进程会失去动力和可信度。
“I’m exhausted,” she said. ‘There were times when we started wishing for death, just so we could rest.”Dennis A. Ross, a former U.S. envoy to the Middle East who has served in Republican and Democratic administrations, said he feared Trump’s Gaza peace process losing momentum and credibility.
“这份路线图是7月30日通过的，但如果10月27日选举之后我们仍然停滞不前，那会怎样呢？这盒牛奶也是有保质期的，”罗斯说。“很明显，内塔尼亚胡的支持者让任何行动都变得不可能。”罗斯表示，即使选举结束后，如果两个阵营都没有赢得足够多的议会席位来组建政府，内塔尼亚胡仍可能以看守总理的身份继续执政至少几个月，而加沙的重建工作仍将停滞。“除非特朗普对他施加巨大压力，否则他绝不会采取任何行动，”罗斯说道。他曾非正式地就战后加沙重建规划向美国政府提供建议。
“This road map was adopted July 30, but what if we’re still on hold after the Oct. 27 election? There’s a sell-by date on this milk carton,” Ross said. “Clearly, Netanyahu’s base makes it impossible to do anything.”Even after the election, if neither bloc wins enough parliamentary seats to form a government, Netanyahu could continue for at least several more months as a caretaker prime minister, with Gaza reconstruction still frozen, Ross said. “He is not going to do anything unless Trump puts enormous pressure on him,” said Ross, who has informally advised the U.S. government on Gaza postwar planning.
一些美国官员警告称，以色列的选举可能会以难以预测的方式影响美国推动落实加沙协议的努力。一位要求匿名透露敏感细节的美国官员表示，如果内塔尼亚胡下台，一位更具灵活性的以色列领导人可能会成为和平的合作伙伴；但另一方面，新当选的领导人也可能不会觉得自己有义务遵守内塔尼亚胡关于实施该协议的承诺。
Some U.S. officials cautioned that Israel’s elections could impact the U.S. push to implement the Gaza deal in unpredictable ways. If Netanyahu is ousted, a more malleable Israeli leader could become a partner for peace, said one U.S. official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to share sensitive details, adding that it is also possible that a newly elected leader would not feel bound by Netanyahu’s promise to implement the deal.
和平委员会的官员表示，为了尽量减少加沙重建成为以色列选举中争议焦点的可能性，该委员会今年花了好几个月的时间向以色列各政治派别的政党进行说明。这位官员称，大多数政党在私下并未对这项计划提出强烈反对，但在哈马斯7月同意解除武装，且和平委员会的路线图成为现实可能之后，一些以色列政治领导人开始谴责该计划。
To minimize the chances of Gaza’s reconstruction becoming a wedge issue in Israel’s election, the Board of Peace spent several months this year briefing Israeli parties across the political spectrum, board officials said. Most political parties did not voice strong objections to the plan in private, but after Hamas agreed to disarm in July and the Board of Peace’s road map became a real possibility, several Israeli political leaders began to condemn it, the official said.
除了内塔尼亚胡之外，斯莫特里奇和定居点部长奥里特·斯特鲁克也呼吁禁止和平委员会领导下的国际部队进入加沙。
Aside from Netanyahu, Smotrich and Orit Strook, the minister of settlements, have called for banning international troops under the Board of Peace from entering Gaza.
包括内塔尼亚胡的国防部长以色列·卡茨在内的多位其他领导人，已经公布了有关如何疏散加沙人口的书面计划。
Several other leaders, including Netanyahu’s defense minister, Israel Katz, have published written plans for how to depopulate Gaza.
内塔尼亚胡利库德党前议员、今年与斯莫特里奇一同参选的莫舍·费格林，驳斥了和平委员会组建的加沙临时政府，并警告称，如果加沙人没有被彻底驱逐，那里出生的新生儿长大后就会去杀害以色列人。
Moshe Feiglin, a former member of parliament for Netanyahu’s Likud Party, who is running alongside Smotrich this year, dismissed the interim Gazan government formed by the Board of Peace and warned that newborn children in Gaza would grow up to kill Israelis if Gazans were not completely expelled.
和平委员会的一位高级官员表示，该委员会的竞选言论不切实际。这位官员与接受采访的其他委员会相关人士一样，因未获授权向媒体透露信息，因此要求匿名。“正如该地区所有人都意识到以色列不会离开一样，所有人都应该明白，220万巴勒斯坦人不会自行离开，这里就是他们的家园。”这位官员说。
A senior Board of Peace official, who like others associated with the board interviewed for this story spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to brief the press, dismissed the campaign rhetoric as unrealistic. “Just as everyone in the region realizes Israel is not going anywhere, everyone should realize 2.2 million Palestinians are not going to self-deport, this is their home,” the official said.
“无论是哈马斯还是以色列，都没有权力否决总统的计划，”另一位委员会高级官员表示。
“Neither Hamas nor the Israelis have a veto on the president’s plan,” said another senior Board official.
在加沙，41岁的教师卢布纳·塔瓦菲克·奥斯塔兹表示，她相信如果各政治势力允许建筑公司进入，加沙人民或许能在一年内重建家园。但她担心，有些创伤可能需要更长时间才能愈合。
In Gaza, Lubna Tawfiq al-Ostaz, a 41-year-old teacher, said she believed if the various political powers allowed construction companies in, the people of Gaza could rebuild, perhaps even in a year. But some wounds, she feared, would be slower to heal.
奥斯塔兹说，战争期间，由于学校缺少椅子、笔记本甚至纸张，她教学十分困难。她不得不让一些因饥饿而昏倒的女孩回家。其他女孩则会突然放声哭泣，以纪念他们已故的父母。“加沙的重建归根结底取决于比我们大得多的决策，”她说。
During the war, al-Ostaz said, she struggled to teach because the school lacked chairs, notebooks, even paper. She sent some girls home faint with hunger. Others would suddenly burst into tears, in memory of their dead parents. Reconstruction of Gaza “comes down to decisions that are much bigger than us,” she said.
“但如果我们谈论的是重建和物质层面的问题，那么还有心理创伤也需要修复。而这可能需要数年时间。”
“But if we are talking about reconstruction and material things, then there are also psychological wounds that need to be repaired. And that may take years.”
赫德森在雅典报道，索罗卡从特拉维夫报道，埃斯多迪则从加沙地带的代尔巴拉赫报道。
Hudson reported from Athens, Soroka from Tel Aviv and Esdodi from Deir al-Balah, in the Gaza Strip.