Thousands of refugees and other legal immigrants lost their health coverage on Oct. 1, marking some of the first significant coverage losses under the Medicaid cuts in the GOP's signature One Big Beautiful Bill Act.

States and advocacy groups have been trying to warn immigrants who were previously eligible for Medicaid — such as refugees, asylees without a green card, survivors of domestic violence and victims of sex trafficking — that they no longer qualify. “This is a real shift that's going to create a serious gap in access to healthcare services,” said Adriana Cadena, executive director of the Protecting Immigrant Families Coalition.

“The folks who have survived the most trauma, whether it's war, natural disaster, or sexual assault, are going to be the folks who are going to be losing coverage.”Advocates say the eligibility restrictions on immigrants will mean people lose access to doctors, as well as medications and treatments for diabetes and other chronic diseases.

Providers will lose longtime patients, and hospitals expect a spike in uninsured emergency room visits, which could drive up health system costs.

Hospitals are required to provide emergency care regardless of immigration status and are reimbursed by Emergency Medicaid.

The law doesn't impact green card holders or a few other small groups of immigrants. The law also doesn't change existing state options to cover children and pregnant immigrants; states can still receive federal matching funding for these populations.

The Medicaid eligibility restrictions are merely the first in a host of provisions that are projected to strip away government-sponsored health coverage.

Starting next year, more than 1 million immigrants are projected to lose Affordable Care Act plan subsidies as well as Medicare coverage. The changes are part of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, President Trump and congressional Republicans’ signature domestic policy legislation that he signed into law with much fanfare in 2025.

The law is projected to cut Medicaid spending by $900 billion through 2034, largely by imposing new eligibility restrictions, work requirements, and cost sharing. In selling the bill to Congress, the administration argued that “illegal aliens” would be losing Medicaid.

“The One, Big, Beautiful Bill is a generational chance to protect Medicaid for Americans by removing at least 1.4 million illegal immigrants from the program,” the White House said in a May 2025 statement.

But undocumented immigrants already are ineligible for federally funded health coverage. The law also imposed restrictions on legal immigrants’ use of food stamps, Medicare and the Children’s Health Insurance Program. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimated that the Medicaid changes would lead to roughly 100,000 lawfully present immigrants losing health insurance.

Immigrant advocates said the actual number could be significantly higher because of the Trump administration’s slowing of green card applications; many legal immigrants will be kicked off Medicaid while they wait for their application decisions.

According to U.S. Customs and Immigration Services, it will take an average of 30 months to process an application for permanent residence from a refugee who was admitted over a year ago. Ben D'Avanzo, senior strategist at the National Immigration Law Center, said it was “shocking” to see Republicans try to demonize immigrants who had been admitted to the country for humanitarian reasons.

“These are people who are among the most vulnerable and among the most vetted categories of immigrants,” D'Avanzo said.

Federal officials said the law ensures U.S. government money is spent on Americans, and forces immigrants to be self-sufficient.

“Immigrants must be able to support themselves and not depend on benefits paid for by hard-working American taxpayers. President Trump and this administration will always put American citizens first,” White House spokeswoman Lauren Bis said in a statement.

Steven Camarota, the director of research at the Center for Immigration Studies, a think tank focused on lower immigration rates, said he supports the administration’s attempt to curtail immigrants’ use of welfare programs.

But he said the savings from restricting immigrants from Medicaid are fairly modest. Much bigger savings would result from overhauling the entire immigration system “If we really want legal immigrants to use less welfare we would need to have a system that selects future immigrants based on skills who are unlikely to need welfare,’ Camarota said. Advocates said many of the people losing coverage will be forced to turn to emergency rooms for care, seeking treatment only when they get extremely ill or injured. D'Avanzo said it’s a false premise that cutting immigrants off from Medicaid saves money, because the categories of people losing coverage now will eventually become Medicaid-eligible green card holders. “But in the meantime, they will put off preventative care. They will have sacrificed medication that controls chronic conditions. They will not have sought treatment for their diabetes or their heart disease,” D’Avanzo said. “And by the time they become Medicaid eligible again, they will have conditions that have not been treated because they could not afford to, and instead we'll be seeing people in the emergency room.” Some states and advocacy groups have been working to find alternatives to Medicaid coverage, but there aren’t many available. People could pay out-of-pocket at Federally Qualified Health Centers, which provide primary and preventive care regardless of immigration status and offer sliding-scale fees based on income. Immigrants can also purchase an Affordable Care Act plan, but the costs are often a barrier. Congressional Republicans allowed the law’s enhanced premium subsidies to expire last year, and the same group of immigrants who are now ineligible for Medicaid will also become ineligible for regularly subsidized ACA plans on Jan. 1. Shanteny Jackson, executive director of the Virginia Community Health Worker Association, said there are about 6,000 lawfully present immigrants in the Commonwealth who lost Medicaid coverage. Some may be eligible to enroll in a new program through the state’s ACA exchange that helps lower people’s premiums on top of any federal tax credits. But eligibility is limited to people with household incomes between 138 percent and 250 percent of the federal poverty level—between $22,025 and $39,900 for an individual or $45,540 and $82,500 for a family of four. Cadena, of Protecting Immigrant Families, said she worries about mixed-status households, and the trickle-down impact on U.S. citizen children. “Children are more likely to get care when their parents have care," Cadena said. “So if parents are losing access to this care, then they would assume, or could believe, that the child is also losing access” even though the child would remain eligible as a U.S. citizen. “A quarter of all children in the United States live in immigrant families. So we could be talking about some very big numbers when we take all of this into account,” Cardena added.