伦敦/洛杉矶——最近，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普与中国国家主席习近平在华盛顿会晤时，人工智能治理预计将居于议程首位。美国和中国一直在竞相开发能力日益强大的人工智能系统，而双方都没有表现出放慢脚步的强烈意愿。但即使是人工智能竞赛的赢家，也无法摆脱这项技术带来的严重风险。
LONDON/LOS ANGELES - When President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in Washington recently, AI governance was expected to be at the top of the agenda. The United States and China have been racing to develop increasingly powerful AI systems and neither has shown much appetite for slowing down. But not even the winner of the AI race will be exempt from the profound risks the technology poses.
其中一种风险来自人工智能在发现软件漏洞和执行复杂网络行动方面不断提高的能力。由于网络冲突在进攻与防御之间存在明显的不对称，拥有世界最先进人工智能模型的国家仍会暴露于网络攻击之下。这种共同的脆弱性为双方在使用人工智能攻击金融网络、通信系统和电网等关键基础设施时保持相互克制提供了强大动力。
One such risk arises from AI’s improving ability to spot software vulnerabilities and conduct complex cyber operations. Because cyber conflict is marked by a stark asymmetry between offense and defense, the country with the world’s most advanced AI models will still be exposed to cyberattack. This mutual vulnerability creates a strong incentive for reciprocal restraint when it comes to AI-enabled attacks on critical infrastructure, such as financial networks, communications systems and power grids.
这种克制已有先例。2015年，美国总统贝拉克·奥巴马与习近平达成一致，双方政府都不会实施或明知支持通过网络窃取知识产权以获取商业利益的行为。他们还建立了信息交换、协助调查以及应对恶意网络活动的机制。随后，网络安全企业记录到归因于中国境内组织的攻击大幅减少，不过分析人士指出，这一减少在协议达成之前就已经开始，可能反映了中国军事和网络机构内部的变化。
There is precedent for such restraint. In 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama agreed with Xi that neither government would conduct or knowingly support cyber-enabled theft of intellectual property for commercial advantage. They also established mechanisms for exchanging information, assisting investigations and addressing malicious cyber activity. Cybersecurity firms subsequently recorded a steep decline in attacks attributable to China-based groups, though analysts noted that the decline began before the agreement and may have reflected changes within China’s military and cyber apparatus.