仁川，韩国 -- 上个月底，俄罗斯新任驻朝鲜大使安德烈·波杰利舍夫在平壤的两座纪念碑前致敬，这两座纪念碑标志着两国近八十年共同历史的起点和终点。
INCHEON, South Korea -- Late last month, Russia's new ambassador to North Korea paid his respects at two monuments in Pyongyang that bookend nearly eight decades of the countries' shared history.
官方媒体显示，波杰利舍夫首先参观了苏联解放塔，该塔纪念红军部队，朝鲜认为这些部队在1945年解放了朝鲜半岛的日本统治。随后，他在一座新博物馆前的士兵雕像前献花，该博物馆纪念两年前本月被派往俄罗斯库尔斯克地区对抗乌克兰军队的朝鲜士兵。
Official media showed Andrei Podelyshev first visiting the Soviet Liberation Tower, which commemorates the Red Army troops that North Korea credits with freeing the Korean Peninsula from Japanese rule in 1945. He went on to lay flowers at a statue of soldiers in front of a new museum honoring North Koreans sent two years ago this month to fight against Ukrainian forces in Russia's Kursk region.
这两次致敬捕捉到了一个显著的逆转：莫斯科曾帮助建立朝鲜国家；如今朝鲜士兵正在为俄罗斯的防御而牺牲。乌克兰战争成为催化剂，让两国政府看到彼此对彼此的用处，以及这种关系将如何在东欧近五年的冲突之后继续延续。
The two tributes capture a striking reversal: Moscow once helped create the North Korean state; now North Korean soldiers are dying in Russia's defense. The Ukraine war has been the catalyst that has shown both governments how useful they can be to each other -- and how their relationship will endure beyond the nearly five-year conflict in eastern Europe.
“两国之间的相互依赖从未如此紧密，”曾任朝鲜驻英国副大使、2016年脱逃至韩国的泰永浩说。“朝鲜向俄罗斯展示了其价值——如果俄罗斯希望在欧洲继续这种帝国政策，朝鲜将有多重要。”“只要俄罗斯有石油和天然气的收入，它就可以利用朝鲜来实施该政策。这种相互依赖将继续下去，因为朝鲜也获得了巨大利益，”泰对《日经亚洲》说道。
"The interdependence between the two nations has become stronger than ever," said Thae Yong-ho, a former North Korean deputy ambassador to the U.K. who defected to South Korea in 2016. "North Korea has shown Russia its value -- how important North Korea could be if Russia wants to continue this kind of imperial policy in Europe." "As long as Russia has money from oil and gas, it can use North Korea to carry out that policy. This interdependence will continue because North Korea has also benefited greatly," Thae told Nikkei Asia.
俄罗斯新任驻朝鲜大使安德烈·波杰利舍夫，于9月26日在平壤一座新博物馆前的士兵雕像处献花，以纪念被派往对抗乌克兰军队的朝鲜士兵。截图自俄罗斯驻朝鲜大使馆的Facebook页面。
Russia's new ambassador to North Korea, Andrei Podelyshev, lays flowers at a statue in front of a new museum in Pyongyang honoring North Korean troops sent to fight against Ukrainian forces, on Sept. 26. Screenshot from the Russian Embassy in North Korea's Facebook page.
朝鲜正向俄罗斯提供弹药和士兵，韩国和乌克兰当局表示，此外还提供在严格监督下工作的平民劳动力，据人权观察人士称，这些劳动力用于维持俄罗斯制造业各领域的建筑工地、农场和工厂正常运转。
North Korea is providing Russia with ammunition and soldiers, South Korean and Ukrainian authorities say, as well as a civilian workforce that operates under strict supervision, according to human rights watchers, to keep construction sites, farms and factories across Russia's manufacturing sector ticking over.
随着乌克兰战争的持续，这些工人的需求将进一步增加，甚至远超战争预计结束之后，因为莫斯科的劳动力短缺问题日益严重。英国情报机构在九月份的一份估计显示，自2022年2月以来，俄罗斯已有150万人伤亡，其中50万人死亡。引用西方情报及其自身报道，BBC估计朝鲜的伤亡人数为6000至7000人，其中包括多达2300人死亡。
These workers will be even more in demand the longer the Ukraine war drags on, and well beyond its presumed eventual conclusion as Moscow's labor shortage worsens. A British intelligence estimate in September counted 1.5 million Russian casualties since February 2022, with half a million deaths. Citing Western intelligence and its own reporting, the BBC has estimated North Korean casualties at 6,000 to 7,000 including up to 2,300 deaths.
总部位于海牙的国际人权组织Global Rights Compliance的朝鲜问题顾问Yeji Kim估计，目前可能有3万至5万名朝鲜人正在俄罗斯工作。
Yeji Kim, an adviser on North Korea at Global Rights Compliance, an international human rights organization based in The Hague, estimates that 30,000 to 50,000 North Koreans may now be working in Russia.
另见：俄罗斯在欧洲的混合战争对亚洲产生影响：5件需要知道的事。她表示：“即使战争今天就结束，俄罗斯也可能面临五到十年的系统性人力短缺。”分析人士称，作为回报，平壤正在获得硬通货、战斗经验、军事技术知识和外交红利——一个超越传统盟友中国的国际合作渠道。根据总部位于首尔的国家安全战略研究所3月份的一份报告，朝鲜在两年内通过向俄罗斯提供军事支持获得了77亿至144亿美元的收入。
See also Russia's hybrid war in Europe has repercussions in Asia: 5 things to know "Even if the war ended today," she said, Russia could face "five or 10 years of systematic manpower shortages." In return, analysts say, Pyongyang is receiving hard currency, combat experience, military knowhow and a diplomatic dividend -- an outlet for international cooperation beyond traditional ally China North Korea has earned between $7.7 billion and $14.4 billion from military support to Russia over a two-year span, according to a March report by the Seoul-based Institute for National Security Strategy.
多边制裁监测团队（MSMT）成立旨在监测联合国对朝鲜制裁的效果，该团队估计每名工人年收入约为7500美元——其中几乎全部上缴平壤。
The Multilateral Sanctions Monitoring Team (MSMT), set up to keep tabs on the effectiveness of United Nations sanctions on North Korea, estimates that each worker earns around $7,500 annually -- nearly all of which goes back to Pyongyang.
莫斯科已阻止联合国对朝鲜采取进一步行动，破坏了它曾经帮助建立的制裁制度。它将朝鲜视为拥有核武器的战略伙伴，而非孤立的客户。
Moscow has blocked further United Nations action against North Korea, undermining the very sanctions regime it once helped construct. It treats the country as a nuclear-armed strategic partner rather than an isolated client.
一位了解克里姆林宫思路的人士在匿名条件下表示，由于该问题的敏感性，乌克兰冲突也产生了在冲突开始时并不存在的共同利益。
The Ukraine conflict has also created shared interests that did not exist when it began, said a person with knowledge of the Kremlin's thinking, speaking on condition of anonymity citing the sensitivity of the matter.
“朝鲜拥有经过数十年建设的强大军工复合体。它现在在俄罗斯找到了市场，而俄罗斯也找到了一个非常便利的供应商。”该人士对《日经亚洲》表示。
"North Korea has a very powerful military-industrial complex that it has built over decades. It has now found a market in Russia, while Russia has found a very convenient supplier," the person told Nikkei Asia.
“劳动力成本低廉，其标准基于俄罗斯标准。因此，朝鲜的军工基地可被用于长期重建俄罗斯的军火库。”朝鲜领导人金正恩（右）在2025年9月3日于北京参加中国纪念第二次世界大战结束80周年活动期间，与俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京会谈。 000名作战人员。乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基于9月28日表示，超过8,000人正在俄罗斯领土上，另有10,000人正在接受选拔以进行训练和可能的部署。
"The labor is cheap and its standards are based on Russian standards. The North Korean military-industrial base could therefore be used to rebuild Russian arsenals for a long time." North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, right, speaks with Russian President Vladimir Putin during their visit to Beijing to attend China's commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II, in Beijing, China, Sept. 3, 2025 KCNA/Reuters Ukrainian and South Korean estimates indicate North Korea has deployed roughly 14,000 to 16,000 combat troops to Russia since late 2024. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said on Sept. 28 that more than 8,000 were on Russian territory and another 10,000 were being selected for training and possible deployment.
分析人士和外交官表示，两国之间的关系很可能会超越俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京和朝鲜领导人金正恩的任期，其持续性将继续威胁东亚和欧洲的和平。
Analysts and diplomats say the relationship between the countries will likely outlive the tenure of both Russian President Vladimir Putin and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, its durability set to continue to threaten peace in both East Asia and Europe.
前乌克兰驻日本大使谢尔吉·科尔松斯基称，这种合作对乌克兰、欧洲和东亚构成“明确而迫在眉睫的危险”。
Sergiy Korsunsky, a former Ukrainian ambassador to Japan, calls the cooperation a "clear and present danger" to Ukraine, Europe and East Asia.
与会者在标志着朝鲜与俄罗斯之间首座公路桥开通的仪式上鼓掌。该桥横跨图们江，位于边境城市罗先和哈桑，于9月7日开通。
Attendees applaud at a ceremony marking the opening of the first road bridge between North Korea and Russia, a structure that spans the Tumen River at he border cities of Rason and Khasan, on Sept. 7.
俄罗斯与朝鲜于2024年签署了战略伙伴关系条约，其中包括相互防御承诺。而一座新的公路桥于9月7日横跨图们江开通——该河流标志着两国在朝鲜远东北部领土上的短暂共同边界——这应能增加两国之间货物、军事装备和人员的流动。
Russia and North Korea signed a strategic partnership treaty in 2024, including a mutual-defense commitment. And a new road bridge opened on Sept. 7 across the Tumen River -- which marks their short shared border on far northeastern North Korean territory -- should increase the flow of goods, military equipment and people between the nations.
金正恩曾将与莫斯科的关系描述为“首要任务”，并在10月7日对普京的生日贺信中表示，加强同盟是“不可动摇的选择”。8月，俄罗斯外长谢尔盖·拉夫罗夫告诉朝鲜方面的对应官员，两国正致力于建立一个“新的、正义的世界秩序”。尽管美国总统唐纳德·特朗普一直在强调他与金正恩的个人关系，并提出进一步会晤的想法以降低朝鲜半岛的紧张局势，但与俄罗斯的伙伴关系也可能削弱金正恩与华盛顿谈判的动机。
Kim has described relations with Moscow as a "top priority," and in a birthday message to Putin on Oct. 7, he said strengthening the alliance was an "unshakeable option." In August, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov told his North Korean counterpart that their countries were working to establish a "new and righteous world order." Even as U.S. President Donald Trump has talked up his personal ties with Kim Jong Un and floated the idea of a further meeting between the pair to decrease tensions on the Korean Peninsula the partnership with Russia may also reduce Kim's incentive to negotiate with Washington.
前美国特别代表朝鲜事务的斯蒂芬·比根认为，俄罗斯的资金、制裁减免和技术使得平壤对与美国的谈判兴趣降低，而这些谈判可能危及其与莫斯科的关系。
Stephen Biegun, a former U.S. special representative for North Korea, argues that Russian money, sanctions relief and technology have made Pyongyang less receptive to talks with the U.S. that could jeopardize its ties with Moscow.
首尔韩国大学的历史学家费奥多尔·特尔季茨基将莫斯科-平壤关系划分为四个时期。他表示，从朝鲜于1948年建国直至1957年，朝鲜实际上是苏联的卫星国。
Fyodor Tertitskiy, a historian at Korea University in Seoul, divides the Moscow-Pyongyang relationship into four eras. From North Korea's founding in 1948 until 1957, it was effectively a Soviet satellite, he said.
直至1990年，金日成利用中苏分歧，同时从莫斯科和北京获取支持。苏联解体后，两国关系在很大程度上保持空洞状态，直至2023年。2025年4月，朝鲜士兵参加由俄罗斯教官进行的枪械训练。
Until 1990, Kim Il Sung exploited the split between China and the Soviet Union to extract support from both Moscow and Beijing. Following the Soviet collapse, ties remained largely hollow through 2023. North Korean soldiers take part in a firearms training session conducted by Russian instructors in April 2025.
塔斯社/共同社 今日，据特尔季茨基称，这种伙伴关系主要是由俄罗斯对朝鲜武器和人力的需求所驱动。
TASS/Kyodo Today, according to Tertitskiy, the partnership is primarily driven by Russia's need for North Korean weapons and manpower.
“这不仅仅是普京对朝鲜的个人想法，”他说。“通过乌克兰战争，整个俄罗斯精英和领导层已经学会了如何利用朝鲜因素。” 对于首尔来说，莫斯科向平壤可能返还的最令人担忧的付款可能以技术形式出现。韩国陆军退役中将全仁范表示，俄罗斯的援助可能提升朝鲜的导弹、无人机和电子战能力——并帮助其建造可靠的洲际弹道导弹再入飞行器。
"This is not only Putin's personal thinking about North Korea," he said. "Through the Ukraine war, the whole Russian elite and leadership have learned how to use the North Korean factor." For Seoul, the most worrying return payment from Moscow to Pyongyang may be in the form of technology. Chun In-bum, a retired lieutenant general in the South Korean army, said Russian assistance could improve North Korean missiles, drones and electronic warfare capabilities -- and help it build a reliable reentry vehicle for an intercontinental ballistic missile.
全仁范还担心返回部队将获得的战场经验。“被击中并幸存下来是一种会伴随士兵一生的经历，”他说。这些经历很可能由朝鲜人民军中经历过战斗考验的老兵们传递，正如全仁范所说。
Chun is also concerned about the battlefield experience that returning troops will have gained. "Having been shot at and survived is an experience that will remain with a soldier for the rest of his life," he said. Those experiences will likely be related by battle-hardened veterans across the Korean People's Army, according to Chun.
韩国釜山东西大学的俄罗斯问题专家克里斯·蒙迪同意，这种新技术可能是最直接的危险，MSMT制裁监测机构报告称朝鲜人在俄罗斯已经制造并操作了无人机。
Chris Monday, a Russia specialist at Dongseo University in the southern South Korean city of Busan, agrees this new technology may be the most immediate danger, with the MSMT sanctions monitoring agency reporting North Koreans have built and piloted drones in Russia.
“如果我们看看俄罗斯对乌克兰在做什么，我们就能轻易看到朝鲜在这里也会做同样的事情，”他说。不过，根据蒙迪的说法，莫斯科将对平壤保留其最敏感的技术，这将使普京在关系中拥有杠杆作用，并成为韩国继续忽视直接向乌克兰提供武器呼吁的另一个理由。
"If we look at what Russia is doing to Ukraine, we could easily see North Korea doing the same thing here," he said. Still, according to Monday, Moscow will withhold its most sensitive technology from Pyongyang, giving Putin leverage over the relationship and another reason for South Korea to continue to ignore calls for it to arm Ukraine directly.
这种关系最持久的方面可能是工人而非士兵。俄罗斯因战争导致劳动力短缺，产生了对劳工的需求，以便部署到建筑、工厂、伐木以及修复乌克兰打击所致设施的重建工作中。
The most enduring aspect of the relationship may be workers rather than soldiers. Russia's war-depleted workforce has created demand for laborers to be deployed in construction, factories, logging and reconstruction of facilities hit by Ukraine.
据全球权利合规顾问叶智姬（Yeji Kim）称，这些工人有时扣除各项费用后带回家的工资每月低至10美元。
These workers sometimes take home -- after deductions -- as little as $10 a month, according to Yeji Kim, the Global Rights Compliance adviser.
朝鲜工人还被禁止更换工作或自由离开，受到严密监视，并可能被迫每天工作14小时或更长时间。
North Korean workers are also prevented from changing jobs or leaving freely, kept under close surveillance and can be compelled to work shifts of 14 hours or more.
2025年4月28日，俄罗斯教官为部署在俄罗斯库尔斯克地区的朝鲜军官提供枪械培训。
Russian instructors provide firearms training for North Korean servicemen deployed to the Kursk region of Russia, on April 28, 2025.
金估计，海外工人——许多人也在中国——2025年为平壤创造了高达8亿美元的收入，若将网络行动和IT工人计入，可能超过10亿美元。“这是朝鲜国家在朝鲜境外强加的强迫劳动，”她说。
Kim estimates overseas workers -- many are also in China -- generated as much as $800 million for Pyongyang in 2025, potentially exceeding $1 billion when cyber operations and IT workers are included. "It is North Korean state-imposed forced labor outside North Korea," she said.
首尔国民大学教授安德烈·兰科夫（Andrei Lankov）预计，该劳动力规模将翻一番或翻三番，但警告不要将劳动与广泛的经济融合混为一谈——即使有新的图们江大桥。
Andrei Lankov, a professor at Kookmin University in Seoul, expects that workforce to double or triple, but cautions against mistaking labor for broad economic integration -- even with the new Tumen bridge.
“除了狭窄的武器和劳动力范围，朝鲜不生产俄罗斯人愿意购买的任何东西，”他说。然而，这种伙伴关系预计将持续下去。
"North Korea does not produce anything Russians are willing to buy," he said, beyond a narrow range of weapons and labor. Yet the partnership is expected to endure.
2026年4月26日，在平壤，为纪念在乌克兰战争中为俄罗斯作战而牺牲的朝鲜军队而举行的“战功纪念馆”开幕式上，气球飞舞。
Balloons fly during the opening ceremony of the Memorial Museum of Combat Feats honoring North Korean troops killed while fighting for Russia in the war against Ukraine, in Pyongyang, on April 26.
“即使在敌对行动（在乌克兰）结束后，俄罗斯精英和普通民众的很大一部分也会记住朝鲜的参与，并将朝鲜视为盟友，”兰科夫说。“对朝鲜会有一定程度的感激之情。”熟悉莫斯科想法的人则表述得更加直白。
"Even after the end of hostilities (in Ukraine), a significant part of the Russian elite and the general public will remember North Korea's participation and will see North Korea as an ally," Lankov said. "There will be a measure of gratitude toward North Korea." The person familiar with Moscow's thinking put it more starkly.
“朝鲜人直接参与战争并为俄罗斯流血，对此存在一定的感激之情，”他说。“因此产生了一定的共鸣，这将在未来几年继续成为一个因素。
"There is a certain debt of gratitude toward the North Koreans for taking part directly in the war and shedding their blood for Russia," he said. "There is a certain empathy as a result, and that will remain a factor for years to come.
“即使俄罗斯不再需要朝鲜的直接援助，这种关系也将在总体积极的氛围中继续下去。”
"Even if Russia no longer needs direct assistance from North Korea, the relationship will continue in a generally positive atmosphere."