We look at how screening and groundbreaking treatments have radically reduced death rates. Last week, we learned that Pope Leo XIV was diagnosed with lung cancer. This week, we learned that surgery removed the cancer entirely and he wouldn’t need further treatment.

Not so long ago, a lung cancer diagnosis would have been an automatic death sentence. It’s still deadly. But screening and a revolution in cancer treatments have radically reduced death rates. That’s good news, since rising life expectancies mean that many of us will get some type of cancer at some point in our lives. Worldwide, about one in five people will get cancer. In some rich countries, it is more like one in two.

I had a fascinating conversation with my colleague Nina Agrawal, a health reporter who has been following these breakthroughs closely. We covered a lot of ground, including the tantalizing prospect of a cancer vaccine.

Kristian Thacker for The New York Times Humans vs. cancer Nina, the pope is recovering from lung cancer surgery. Lung cancer is particularly scary. But it’s a very different diagnosis than it would have been in the past.

Absolutely. There’s been a lot of progress. The mortality rate for lung cancer has fallen and the five-year survival rate — the portion of people who are still alive five years after being diagnosed — has doubled in the United States, from about 15 percent in the late 1990s to around 30 percent now. It’s still not great compared with other types of cancer; lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Wow. So what has changed in cancer treatment?

Advances vary by cancer. In lung cancer, for example, a big one is targeted therapy. Many patients have a specific mutation — often in a gene called EGFR — and drugs that target that mutation have improved steadily over the last 20 years. That’s been a real game changer. Targeted therapy, as the name implies, acts specifically on cancer cells and mostly leaves healthy cells alone, whereas traditional chemotherapy is toxic to most cells, including healthy ones.

Breast cancer is another beneficiary of targeted therapy. This is the most common cancer among women; about one in eight American women get it. But survival rates are now much higher. That’s because screening has gotten better, as have treatments: In addition to targeted therapies, there are also new immunotherapies that activate the patient’s immune system to attack the cancer. Those didn’t exist 15 years ago. Why are we seeing all these breakthroughs now?

Two big things have happened. One is genetic sequencing. Doctors can sequence an individual tumor, find its mutations and then tailor a treatment that specifically targets those mutations. For certain cancers, like some types of breast cancer, it can also tell you whether a patient is likely to benefit from chemotherapy, which can spare a lot of people that toxicity.

The other thing that’s really helped is understanding how the immune system can be harnessed to fight cancer. Researchers have figured out how to better use our own immune system to attack cancer cells. They’ve developed drugs that essentially take the brakes off certain cells in the immune system. Advanced melanoma, for example, used to be almost universally deadly. It’s been totally transformed since this class of immunotherapies was first approved in 2011. Pope Leo at the Vatican yesterday.

Andreas Solaro/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images And how widely are these new treatments available?

In the U.S., where a lot of this research happens, the treatments that are approved are generally covered to some degree by insurance. But even insured patients can still face bills that bankrupt them. Then you have the more experimental treatments that are not yet approved and harder to come by.

A new pancreatic cancer drug, for example, which targets a mutation common in many cancers, is now covered in the U.S., though the supply chain is still working itself out The next generation is available only through clinical trials. What about elsewhere in the world?

Globally, it varies. Targeted lung cancer therapies are more accessible in high-income Asian countries like Taiwan, but poorer countries bear a higher burden of cancer deaths, partly because of scarce access. The drug companies themselves decide which countries to seek drug approval from, and they often don’t apply in countries where they think they won’t make a lot of money.

You’ve written about some of the unexpected repercussions of people being diagnosed with cancer now living much longer It’s been mostly good, but also sometimes complicated.

The patients I’ve spoken with are all grateful for the time. Stage 4 breast or lung cancer used to mean a maximum of a few years. Now some people live 10 or 12 years with that diagnosis. But that also makes it very hard to plan.

One woman I talked to was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer about six years ago. In her first year, she lived in 12-week increments, until her next scan. It’s very hard to plan your life three months or even six months at a time. Do you spend money or save it? Quit your job and travel? Nina, will there ever be a cure for cancer?

We are still a long way from that. But researchers do talk about a cure now in a way they didn’t used to — and some cancers are becoming more like chronic diseases. But many advanced cancers still have limited treatments.

One exciting thing many are watching now is personalized cancer vaccines that can help prevent recurrence. We can already vaccinate against infections that cause cancer, like HPV. But now we’ve had the first big trial for a vaccine to prevent cancer recurring in patients with melanoma who had their tumors surgically removed.

The full results were announced yesterday The vaccine trains the immune system to recognize the cancer cell and then attack it. The hope, of course, is that these vaccines can be generalized to other cancers. But we’re not there yet. MORE TOP NEWS In Paris on Wednesday.

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Why Many Voters Are Unhappy With the Economy With the midterms approaching, the economy is a top concern for voters. Our chief economic correspondent, Ben Casselman, describes which aspects of the economy have voters so frustrated.

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In just 50 words and three stanzas, she works her way through a single, elaborate metaphor about what is and what might be.

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Chiang faces a vote next month, and typhoon days off are popular. If the storm turns out to be weaker, many will go shopping, to the movies or to sing karaoke.