字号·· | 护眼
华尔街日报

我开着美国最便宜的电动汽车,驶入深南部的“充电荒漠”I Took America’s Cheapest EV Into the Charging Desert of the Deep South

点「原文对照」整页切到原文,或双击某段只看那段的原文。

杰夫·奇塔姆是偶然租到一辆电动汽车的。他的旅程堪称“火的洗礼”。(克里斯托弗·米姆斯/《华尔街日报》)Jeff Cheetham rented an EV by accident. His journey was a ‘baptism by fire.’ (Christopher Mims/WSJ)

[视频] 我驾驶美国最便宜的电动汽车穿越“充电荒漠”我花了几年时间,在长达 1000 多英里的旅程中对各种花哨的新款电动汽车进行“酷刑测试”,目的地从山区到蒙特利尔等意想不到的地方,以此看看它们是否适合“伟大的美国自驾游”。结果证明它们确实适合。

[video] I Drove America’s Cheapest EV Through a Charging Desert I’ve spent a few years torture-testing fancy new electric vehicles on 1,000+ mile journeys to unlikely locations, from mountains to Montréal, to see if they’re suitable for the Great American Road Trip. And they were.

于是读者们向我发起了更棘手的挑战:驾驶一款更普通的电动汽车,走一条我能找到的最不适合电动汽车的路线。

So readers challenged me to do something trickier: take a more modest electric car on the least EV-friendly route I could find.

我驾驶一辆 2027 款雪佛兰 Bolt——美国最实惠的电动汽车——从纳什维尔前往新奥尔良,途经美国人均公共电动汽车充电桩最少的几个州。

I took a 2027 Chevy Bolt—America’s most affordable EV—on a trip from Nashville to New Orleans, through several U.S. states with the fewest public EV chargers per person.

电动汽车爱好者都知道,即使是几年前,驾驶一辆续航里程只有 200 英里左右、快充需要半小时以上的汽车进入未知领域,都是在充电桩前被困数小时、或被抛锚在路边的绝佳方式。然而,即使是这次行程,其便利程度也仅比驾驶燃油车稍低一些。

EV devotees know that even a few years ago, taking a car with 200-ish miles of range and a fast-charging time of a half-hour or more into unknown territory was a great way to get stuck at a charger for hours, or be stranded on the side of the road. Yet even this trip turned out to be only a little less convenient than it would have been in a gas vehicle.

即使美国人减少了购买新电动汽车,但美国的快充基础设施正以惊人的速度增长。由于联邦税收抵免到期等原因,新电动汽车销量可能比去年下降约 40%,但美国现在拥有超过 8 万个公共快充插枪,并且每年新增近 2 万个。

Even as Americans have pulled back from buying new EVs, the country’s fast-charging infrastructure is growing at a blistering pace. Sales of new EVs may be down about 40% compared with last year, due in part to the expiration of federal tax credits, but the U.S. now has more than 80,000 public fast-charging plugs—and is adding nearly 20,000 a year.

电动汽车的退潮可能只是暂时的。高油价正促使美国人购买电动汽车——但买的是二手车,而非新车。根据批发汽车交易平台 Manheim 的数据,二手电动汽车销量同比增长 21%,价格也在上涨。

And the EV retreat might prove temporary. High fuel prices are driving Americans to buy EVs—but used, not new. Sales of used EVs are up 21% from a year ago, according to wholesale auto marketplace Manheim, and their prices are up too.

基础款 2027 款雪佛兰 Bolt 是一款尺寸适中的跨界 SUV——可以想象成复古版 RAV4——其起售价也与此相匹配,为 28995 美元。考虑到美国新车平均价格逼近 5 万美元,这个价格相当不错。

The base model 2027 Chevrolet Bolt is a crossover SUV with modest dimensions—think vintage RAV4—and a starting price to match, $28,995. Not bad considering the average price of a new car in the U.S. is approaching $50,000.

通用汽车借给我的这辆车比基础款稍好一些。两者在续航里程和充电速度上完全相同,但我拿到的这辆配备了通用汽车的 Super Cruise 超级辅助驾驶功能。

The car GM lent me was slightly nicer than that base model. The two are identical in range and charging speed, but the one I had included GM’s Super Cruise driving-assist feature.

Bolt 适合在城市行驶,即使是长距离通勤也没问题,但它不是高速公路上的明星车型。选择它进行这次公路旅行,我是故意违反了电动车选购的第一条铁律:选择一款与你的驾驶模式相匹配的车型。

The Bolt would make a good city car, even for long commutes, but it isn’t a highway star. In choosing it for this road trip, I deliberately violated the first rule of EV shopping: Pick one that matches your driving pattern.

幸运的是,Bolt 更智能的软件弥补了其电池容量较小的短板。车上没有 Apple CarPlay 或 Android Auto。车载信息娱乐系统基于谷歌的 Android Automotive OS 构建,这使得车载原生应用(包括 Google Maps)能与车辆的电子设备和仪表实现更深度的集成。

Fortunately, the Bolt’s smarter software makes up for its smaller battery. There’s no Apple CarPlay or Android Auto. The car’s infotainment system is built on Google’s Android Automotive OS, which allows the car’s native apps, including Google Maps, to have deeper integration with its electronics and instruments.

实际上,Bolt 就是一辆装上轮子的智能手机。当你在车载信息娱乐系统运行的 Google Maps 应用中设定目的地时,它会将充电停靠点纳入考量——为你搜寻最少且最快的充电方案,以实现最优行程。它还知道我何时即将抵达充电站,因此会提前预热电池,以达到最大充电速度。这将充电停靠所花费的时间缩短了约三分之一。

Effectively, the Bolt is a smartphone on wheels. When you pick a destination in the Google Maps app running on the car’s infotainment system, it factors in your charging stops—scouting the fewest and fastest options for an optimal ride. It also knew when I was nearing my charging station, so it warmed up its battery for maximum charging speeds. This cut the time spent at charging stops by about a third.

从田纳西州纳什维尔出发,一路向南前往阿肯色州小石城,Bolt 灵活的操控带来了平稳的驾乘体验,也让我有时间顺道观光。(无论你对比尔·克林顿持何看法,他的总统图书馆都是一座令人怀旧的 1990 年代颂歌。)随后我遇到了第一个麻烦。Bolt 在时速 75 英里(约 121 公里)时的续航里程,比以 60 英里(约 97 公里)时速行驶时少得多。

From my starting point in Nashville, Tenn., down to Little Rock, Ark., the Bolt’s nimble handling made for a smooth ride and afforded me time for sightseeing. (Whatever your feelings about Bill Clinton, his presidential library is a nostalgia-inducing paean to the 1990s.) Then I hit my first snag. The Bolt’s range at 75 miles an hour is a lot less than its range when going 60.

因此,我的试驾车在高速公路上的实际续航里程接近 200 英里(约 322 公里),而非其 EPA 综合工况续航里程(混合城市和高速路况)262 英里(约 422 公里)。以我消耗电量的速度,Google Maps 提示车辆无法跨越从阿肯色州最后一个充电站到密西西比州杰克逊市以东下一个可用充电站之间那片令人生畏的“充电荒漠”。

So my loaner car’s real-world highway range was closer to 200 miles than its EPA range (which combines city and highway miles) of 262. At the rate I was burning electrons, Google Maps told me the car couldn’t make it across the foreboding charging desert between my last stop in Arkansas and the next available one, east of Jackson, Miss.

因此我不得不改道前往路易斯安那州什里夫波特,途中在阿肯色州一个名为霍普的小镇停靠。

So I had to reroute toward Shreveport, La., with a stop in a little town called Hope, Ark.

密西西比州和路易斯安那州共享一个令人尴尬的殊荣:全美人均电动车充电桩数量最少。不同之处在于:路易斯安那州至少在其主要高速公路沿线拥有合理分布的快充桩。

Mississippi and Louisiana share the dubious distinction of having the fewest EV chargers per person in the U.S. The difference: Louisiana at least has a reasonable distribution of fast chargers along its primary highways. In a Target parking lot in Bossier City, La., I encountered Jeff Cheetham, whose unlikely story illustrates the good and the bad of EVs in America today.

在路易斯安那州博西尔城一家 Target 超市的停车场,我遇到了杰夫·奇瑟姆,他那不太可能发生的经历,生动地说明了当今美国电动汽车的优劣。

Cheetham had driven out of a car-rental facility in Atlanta with the wrong vehicle, only later realizing it was electric and not gas.

奇瑟姆从亚特兰大的一家租车行开车离开时,拿错了车,直到后来才发现那是辆电动车,不是油车。坏消息:他对电动车一无所知。更糟的是:他要一路开到达拉斯。

Bad: He knew nothing about EVs. Worse: He was headed all the way to Dallas. He had been white-knuckling it in a 2023 Hyundai Ioniq 5 for about 600 miles before our accidental rendezvous.

在我们意外相遇前,他在一辆 2023 款现代 Ioniq 5 上提心吊胆地开了约 600 英里。他会在手机浏览器里搜索“附近的电动车充电桩”,结果发现那些地方要么根本没有充电桩,要么是特斯拉的充电桩,与 Ioniq 的充电接口不兼容。

He would type “EV chargers near me” into his phone’s web browser, only to discover that the destinations either didn’t have chargers at all, or were Tesla ones incompatible with the Ioniq’s plug. “I had 6 miles of range left when I rolled into the charging station where we met,” Cheetham told me.

“当我开到咱们见面的那个充电站时,只剩 6 英里续航了,”奇瑟姆告诉我,“我当时在祈祷。” 他这惊心动魄的经历证明,驾驶电动车长途出行仍比理想情况需要更多专业知识,但他没被迫在高速公路上叫拖车,这反映出美国电动车快充网络已变得多么稠密。

“I was praying.”While his harrowing tale is evidence that taking an EV on a road trip still requires more expertise than it should, the fact that he wasn’t calling a tow truck from the highway illustrates how dense America’s EV fast-charging network has become.

我帮奇瑟姆下载了电动车长途规划应用 ABRP(另一个不错的选择是 Chargeway)。后来我们再通话时,他已顺利抵达达拉斯,一路无虞。

I helped Cheetham download the EV road-trip planning app ABRP. (Another good option is Chargeway.) When we spoke again later, he’d gotten all the way to Dallas without further issues.

从什里夫波特到新奥尔良,最值得一提的事是遇到一位山核桃农场主,她告诉我曾教孙辈用霰弹枪猎捕短吻鳄。

From Shreveport to New Orleans, the most notable thing that happened was meeting a pecan farmer who told me she taught her grandchildren to hunt alligators with a shotgun.

换句话说,我开的是电动车这件事已淡入背景。我主要在特斯拉超级充电桩补能:通用汽车与特斯拉及其他充电网络运营商有合作,Bolt 配备的是特斯拉风格的充电接口。无需下载应用,甚至不用刷信用卡——充电费用直接记在通用汽车档案里的那张卡上。

In other words, the fact that I was driving an EV receded to the background. I’d mostly stopped at Tesla fast chargers: GM has deals with Tesla and other network operators, and the Bolt has a Tesla-style plug. You don’t have to download an app or even swipe a credit card—the session is charged to whatever card GM has on file for you.

在密西西比州霍恩莱克的特斯拉超级充电站充电,对面停着一辆Cybercab和一辆Cybertruck。(克里斯托弗·米姆斯/《华尔街日报》)Charging at a Tesla Supercharger in Horn Lake, Miss., across from a Cybercab and a Cybertruck. (Christopher Mims/WSJ)

在唯一一次必须使用转接头的充电站,一切依然顺利。在另一家由 Rivian 运营的充电站,我得刷信用卡,但也毫不麻烦。

At the one stop where I had to use a plug adapter, everything still worked fine. At another stop, operated by Rivian, I had to use my credit card, but it was hardly an inconvenience.

拥有电动汽车并像使用燃油车一样使用它如今已司空见惯,尽管你可能需要学习一些新知识,就像我的同事 Dawn Gilbertson 最近租用电动汽车时遭遇的麻烦所发现的那样。

Owning an EV and using it as you would a gas vehicle is now mundane, though you might have to learn a few new things, as my colleague Dawn Gilbertson discovered with her recent rental-car travails.

由于合适的电动汽车实际上可能是总体成本最低的汽车,预算因通胀而从各方面受到挤压的购车者不妨考虑购买电动汽车,尤其是二手电动汽车。

Since the right EVs can actually be the most affordable cars overall, shoppers whose budgets are squeezed from every direction by inflation might consider them, especially used ones.

即使是居住在缅因州、拥有一辆混合动力汽车的 Cheetham——他将电动汽车长途旅行的前半段描述为“火的洗礼”——也表示赞同。“旅行结束后,”他告诉我,“我未来会考虑购买电动汽车。”

Even Cheetham, who lives in Maine and owns a hybrid vehicle—and who described the first half of his EV road trip as a “baptism by fire”—agrees. “After my trip,” he told me, “I would consider an EV in the future.”

阅读媒体原文 ↗