Referendums tend to raise as many questions as they answer. And so it may be for the 10-part questionnaire that Alberta Premier Danielle Smith put to her province — although with a series of no's Albertans have seemingly foreclosed on a number of possibilities.

"I am well aware that not every grievance Alberta has with Ottawa has been resolved," Smith told Albertans on Tuesday night. "There are still many political and constitutional battles ahead of us." On the question of whether Alberta should remain in Canada the answer was not close. The 75 per cent of voters who chose the first option is decidedly more decisive than the 1980 referendum in Quebec Of the 25 per cent who voted for another referendum, it is also fair to ask how many genuinely want secession. According to Abacus Data making Alberta an independent country was the primary motivation for just 32 per cent of Albertans who favoured Option 2.

Whatever Smith's appetite for future constitutional battles, Albertan voters also proved to be unenthusiastic: all four questions about whether Alberta should pursue constitutional amendments were answered with a "no." Not even a question about abolishing the Senate — possibly the most-maligned public institution in Canada history — was able to muster even a simple majority of Albertans.

"There's a reason to be skeptical that some constitutional amendments would be worth the effort and ... what I'm seeing is that Albertans would just rather that we spend our time focusing on things where we can make some meaningful change," Smith said at a news conference on Wednesday (at the time, two of the four constitutional questions were being answered in the negative as results were still being tallied).

"That's why I think the numbers were so different on the immigration questions versus … perhaps the constitutional ones." Beside Smith's own political future the most unresolved questions raised by her referendum concern immigration — and one of the questions now is whether they will feed into a more polarized national debate on Canada's immigration policy.

Immigration on the ballot in Alberta Of Smith's 10 questions, four concerned either immigration or potential new rules for newcomers. On its official referendum website Smith's government claimed that "unsustainable immigration levels over the past 10 years" had "a profound impact" on Alberta's ability "to fund and effectively deliver social services like health care and education — directly impacting Albertans' access to these services and costing taxpayers billions of dollars." Alberta NDP Leader Naheed Nenshi argued Smith was "scapegoating" immigrants.

"The reality of the matter is even if you took all the young, healthy temporary foreign workers out of the health-care system, even if you denied public education to refugee children, it's not going to make the emergency room lineups any less," Nenshi told CBC's this week "It's not going to make your classrooms any smaller. It's not going to make anyone's life better."

Just under 55 per cent of voters supported the proposition that the Alberta government should take "increased control over immigration for the purposes of decreasing immigration to more sustainable levels."

Danielle Smith says Alberta separatist UCP members can 'join a different party' October 21 Duration Three questions that floated possible limitations on how or when newcomers or temporary residents can access health care, education and other social services in Alberta were supported by narrower majorities of 52.4, 53.1 and 52 per cent.

Smith's government has a majority in the Alberta legislature and it didn't need a referendum to pursue any of these initiatives. But the results — notably, none of the immigration questions won a majority in Calgary — may give Smith reason to hesitate.

At her news conference on Wednesday, the premier suggested she was prepared to act quickly on the first question, but she would "proceed with caution" in response to questions two, three and four. She said she did not want to impact anyone who was already residing in Alberta.

While Prime Minister Mark Carney raised some eyebrows when he repeated the "no to the nine" slogan before Alberta's vote, he had also suggested he was inclined to give all provinces more input on immigration.

"To be candid, I don't need a referendum to tell us to co-operate more with the provinces on immigration," Carney told Global News a few days before Alberta's vote. "I think that's where we're headed." But Alberta's immigration questions also caught the attention of Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre.

An increasingly polarized debate "I thought it was inappropriate for the prime minister to tell Canadians and tell Albertans that they should vote to continue to give deluxe taxpayer benefits to people who are illegally here," Poilievre said. "And for the prime minister to suggest that Albertans vote in favor of continued mass, unvetted, out of control immigration was a mistake."

The Conservative Party also sent a fundraising appeal to supporters on Tuesday that promised a Conservative government would "dramatically reduce immigration." The Carney government argues that it has immigration "under control" after steps were taken to curb the intake of international students and temporary workers. The Conservatives obviously disagree.

Conservatives accuse government of 'cooking the books' over immigration data presentation But the Alberta referendum also landed between two triggers for renewed debate about immigration to Canada.

First, in discussing immigration policy during an interview with the New York Times last month, Carney said, "now the question starts to become: When do we resume some controlled increase in the population, which is the nature of Canada? So that will happen, and we just want to make sure that we've got it under control." Now the federal government is due to table its latest immigration levels plan which sets out targets for the next few years for both permanent and temporary arrivals (technically, a new plan is due by Nov. 1, but last year's plan was included in the fall budget Speaking to reporters on Wednesday, Carney said his government "will not budge from overall levels that are sustainable." But what constitutes "sustainable" is likely a matter of debate.

At a news conference on Thursday, Conservative immigration critic Michelle Rempel Garner argued "mass immigration" was suppressing wages and driving up rents, to the benefit of corporate profiteers. Conservatives, she said, will "vigorously oppose any attempt by Mark Carney to continue to raise and sustain high immigration levels" and "will push him to lower them." Claims that the "Canadian consensus" on immigration has been broken are sometimes overstated Canadians still believe immigration is a net-positive for the economy, but they also believe recent immigration levels have been too high, driven in large part by concerns about the availability and affordability of housing.

Polling by the Environics Institute has also shown a growing gap along the political spectrum, with Conservative voters much more inclined to say there is too much immigration. And the parties themselves may be getting further apart.

That is not the most stable foundation on which to build significant new increases in immigration, however much such increases might be necessary.

If the goal remains to be as open and welcoming as possible — if there is an economic imperative to being so — "proceed with caution" might be good advice for all sides.