保罗·桑塔卢西亚、约书亚·古德曼 罗马——著名海洋学家西尔维娅·厄尔呼吁在南极附近停止捕捞磷虾，正值美国、中国、俄罗斯及其他24个国家的官员本周就大幅扩大在冰盖大陆周边国际水域捕捞这种对鲸类至关重要的甲壳类食物资源进行谈判。
PAOLO SANTALUCIA, JOSHUA GOODMAN ROME — Renowned oceanographer Sylvia Earle is calling for an end to krill fishing near Antarctica as officials from the U.S., China, Russia and 24 other governments negotiate a possible deal this week to dramatically expand fishing for the crustacean that’s a vital food source for whales in the international waters surrounding the ice-covered continent.
厄尔在罗马接受采访时表示：“在南极根本不存在可持续的磷虾捕捞，毫无例外。”她于1990年成为美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）首位女性首席科学家。她说：“磷虾对整个生态系统的完整性至关重要——鲸鱼、鱼类、鸟类、海豹、海狮，凡是你能想到的。”她的评论恰逢谈判代表们结束在澳大利亚举行的南极海洋生物资源保护委员会（CCAMLR）年度会议。
“There is no sustainable extraction of krill in Antarctica possible, period,” Earle, who in 1990 became the first woman to serve as chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, said in an interview in Rome, where she was promoting her conservation work. “Krill are critical to the integrity of the entire system — whales, fish, birds, seals, sea lions, you name it.”Her comments come as negotiators wrap up the annual meeting in Australia of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, or CCAMLR, an international organization that manages the world’s southernmost fishery.
CCAMLR是管理全球最南端渔业的国际组织。该组织多年来在一项由行业支持的管理计划上陷入僵局，计划扩大磷虾捕捞规模。环保人士和CCAMLR自己的科学委员会坚持，必须同步建立一个加州大小的海洋保护区，限制捕捞，该保护区位于环境敏感的南极半岛附近，已被延迟多年。该提议最初由阿根廷和智利在十年前提出。
The group has been deadlocked for years over an industry-backed management plan to expand krill fishing , which environmentalists and CCAMLR’s own scientific committee insist should be accompanied by the long delayed creation of a California-sized marine protected area near the environmentally sensitive Antarctic peninsula that would restrict fishing. It was first proposed a decade ago by Argentina and Chile.
南极周边的磷虾捕捞在八月初连续第二年被迫停业，因为主要来自挪威和中国的拖网渔船在季节预定结束前已达到62万吨的捕捞上限。
Krill fishing around Antarctica shut down early in August for the second year straight after trawlers from mostly Norway and China hit a 620,000 metric ton limit before the season’s scheduled end.
这些微小的甲壳类动物主要被捕捞用于养殖鱼类的饲料，以及用于改善心脏、大脑和关节健康的红色欧米伽-3胶囊中的油。但欧米伽-3还有其他来源——鱼油、藻类，甚至某些蔬菜——营养学家表示，如果饮食均衡且富含脂肪酸，就没有必要服用膳食补充剂。
The tiny crustaceans are primarily harvested for feed used to raise farmed fish and for the oil in red omega-3 capsules taken to improve heart, brain and joint health. But other sources of omega-3 exist — in fish oil, algae, even some vegetables — and nutritionists say it’s not necessary to take dietary supplements if you eat a balanced diet rich in the fatty acids.
研究人员也越来越多地研究磷虾在从大气中去除大量二氧化碳方面的作用。磷虾不仅是应对气候变化的屏障，也是其受害者。研究表明，随着海洋变暖，磷虾种群——它们需要水温低于摄氏4度（华氏39度）才能生存——已开始向南极附近更凉爽的水域迁移。
Researchers increasingly are also studying the role krill plays in removing huge amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Krill aren’t just a bulwark against climate change — they’re victims, too. As oceans warm, the krill populations, which need water colder than 4 degrees Celsius (39 Fahrenheit) to survive, have started to migrate toward cooler waters closer to the South Pole, research has shown.
91岁的厄尔是20世纪50年代开始研究藻类、随后率先使用潜水设备进行海洋研究的人之一。近年来，她有时被称为“深海女士”，通过“蓝色使命”组织专注于保护工作，该组织倡导海洋中对海洋健康至关重要的所谓“希望点”。其工作支持联合国到2030年保护至少30%世界海洋的目标。
Earle, 91, was among those who pioneered the use of Scuba diving to conduct marine research after launching her career in the 1950s studying algae. In recent years, “Her Deepness,” as she is sometimes known, has focused on conservation through Mission Blue, an organization that champions so-called “Hope Spots” in the oceans critical to marine health. Its work supports a United Nations target of protecting at least 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030.
尽管磷虾是地球上最大的生物量之一，但素食主义者厄尔表示，没有“安全数量”可以在不损害周围南极生态系统的情况下被捕捞。她特别批评了挪威的阿克生物海洋公司，该公司是捕捞和销售磷虾制品的先驱。该公司由亿万富翁舍尔·英格·罗克创立，他在挪威的石油和天然气行业积累了财富。
Although krill are one of the planet’s largest biomasses, Earle, a vegetarian, said there was no “safe number” that can be extracted without harming the surrounding Antarctic ecosystem. She singled out for criticism Norway’s Aker BioMarine, the pioneer in harvesting and marketing products made from krill. The company was founded by billionaire Kjell Inge Rokke, who amassed a fortune in Norway’s oil and gas industry.
“有一个国家，挪威，有一家公司，基本上由一个人推动，负责将大约三分之二的磷虾送上市场，”厄尔说。“其中一些被制成磷虾油，被宣传为对我们的健康有益。也许如此，但对环境的代价是什么？”“这一切都是关于选择。这些并非必需品，”她补充道。
“There’s one country, Norway, with one company really pushed essentially by one individual, that is responsible for taking about two-thirds of the krill to marketplace,” said Earle. “Some of it goes to make krill oil that has been marketed as good for our health. Maybe it is, but at what cost to the environment?”“It’s all for choices. These are not necessities,” she added.
罗克仍通过其阿克尔ASA工业集团持有该公司最大股份，该公司最近已从奥斯陆证券交易所退市。2024年，阿克生物海事将其捕捞和磷虾粉业务分拆，将大部分股权出售给总部位于纽约的私募股权公司美国工业合伙人公司。罗克未立即回应置评请求。
Rokke remains the largest shareholder in the company, which recently delisted from the Oslo stock exchange, through his Aker ASA industrial conglomerate. In 2024, Aker BioMarine spun off its fishing and krill meal operation, selling a majority stake to American Industrial Partners, a New York-based private equity firm. Rokke did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
阿克QRILL董事长马茨·约翰森正在澳大利亚参加CCAMLR会谈。过去几年来，约翰森一直试图弥合谈判者之间的分歧，推动一项拟议计划，该计划将在增加总体捕捞配额的同时，分散捕捞量，以避免对任何单一热点海域造成过大压力。该公司还支持在南极半岛附近设立海洋保护区。
Aker QRILL’s Chairman, Matts Johansen, is attending the CCAMLR talks in Australia. Johansen over the past few years has tried to bridge differences among negotiators, pushing a proposed plan that would both increase the overall fishing quota but spread out the catch to avoid excessive pressure on any single hot spot. The company also supports the creation of a marine protected area near the Antarctic peninsula.
“来自多个国家的数十年独立科学研究，包括联合国粮食及农业组织的最新评估，都支持南极磷虾渔业的可持续性，”约翰森在一份声明中表示，他同时也是阿克生物海事的首席执行官。“我们认识到集中捕捞活动引发的担忧，这就是为什么我们支持更强有力的基于科学的空间管理。随着厄尔尼诺现象给全球海洋资源和欧米伽-3供应带来压力，像这样的负责任渔业比以往任何时候都更加重要。”古德曼从迈阿密报道
“Decades of independent science from multiple countries, including the latest assessment of the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization, support the sustainability of the Antarctic krill fishery,” Johansen, who is also CEO of Aker BioMarine, said in a statement. “We recognize the concerns around concentrated fishing activity, which is why we support stronger science-based spatial management. With El Niño putting pressure on global marine resources and omega-3 supplies, responsible fisheries like this matter more than ever.”Goodman reported from Miami