耶鲁大学名誉斯特林经济学教授威廉·D·诺德豪斯因患胶质母细胞瘤（一种侵袭性脑癌）于10月30日去世，享年85岁。作为一位经济学家，他的开创性工作改变了整个领域，并因在气候变化经济学方面的开创性贡献而荣获2018年诺贝尔经济学奖。
William D. Nordhaus, Sterling Professor of Economics, Emeritus, whose influential work as an economist transformed a field and who won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Economics for his pioneering work on the economics of climate change, died on Oct. 30 following a battle with glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer. He was 85.
诺德豪斯在耶鲁校园也是一位核心人物，任职超过50年，教授了数代本科生和研究生，并担任过教务长、财务与行政副校长等大学关键行政职务。
Nordhaus was also a central figure on the Yale campus for more than 50 years, teaching generations of undergraduate and graduate students and holding key administrative roles for the university, including as provost and vice president for finance and administration.
他的有影响力的研究领域广泛，涵盖气候变化经济学、技术变革测量、商业周期与选举周期的相互作用，以及经济福利测量——后者是与已故的詹姆斯·托宾共同完成的远见卓识之作，托宾本人也是耶鲁诺贝尔奖得主，也是当时最具影响力的经济学家之一。
His influential work ranged widely, from the economics of climate change to the measurement of technological change, the interaction of the business cycle and the election cycle, and the measurement of economic welfare — farsighted work done jointly with the late James Tobin, himself a Yale Nobel laureate and one of the most influential economists of his day.
然而，诺德豪斯最为人所知的是因“将气候变化纳入长期宏观经济分析”而获得2018年诺贝尔奖，这一成就最突出地体现在被称为DICE（动态气候-经济综合）模型中，这是一个研究碳排放、气候变化与经济增长之间相互作用的有影响力模型。
Nordhaus is best known, however, for receiving the 2018 Nobel Prize for “integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis,” an achievement most prominently reflected in what was known as the DICE (Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy) model, an influential model that examines the interactions among carbon emissions, climate change, and economic growth.
DICE模型帮助政策制定者估算气候变化的经济成本，包括农作物减产和海平面上升等影响，并将其与减排成本进行权衡。诺德豪斯利用该模型证明碳税可以有效减少排放，并估算出此类税收的最优水平，为碳定价提供了一个有影响力的经济框架。
The DICE model helps policymakers estimate the economic costs of climate change, including such impacts as crop losses and rising sea levels, and weigh them against the costs of reducing emissions. Nordhaus used the model to demonstrate that a carbon tax can reduce emissions efficiently and to estimate the optimal level of such a tax, providing an influential economic framework for carbon pricing.
“经济学的信号贡献，”诺德豪斯在诺贝尔奖演讲中说，“在于认识到气候变化是经济增长的一种有害的非预期副作用。治疗这种外部性的最佳良方是污染收费，也就是现在所谓的碳税。” 他对万物充满好奇，加深了我们对所涉足一切领域的理解，从气候变化和商业周期，到计算1701年至今耶鲁大学学费的现值。
“The signal contribution of economics,” Nordhaus said in his Nobel speech, “is to recognize that climate change is a harmful unintended side effect of economic growth. The best remedy for such externalities is a pollution charge or what is now known as a carbon tax.”He was curious about everything, deepening our understanding of everything he touched, from climate change and the business cycle to calculating the present value of Yale tuition from 1701 to the present.
诺德豪斯在20世纪70年代开始思考气候变化经济学，当时鲜有经济学家——或其他任何人——在思考或研究这一课题。他开发的DICE模型——连同其数十篇文章、全球巡讲和多部著作——为大量研究铺平了道路，这些研究至今仍在构建关于如何最好地应对气候变化威胁的持续辩论框架。
Nordhaus began contemplating the economics of climate change in the 1970s, when few economists — or anyone else — were thinking about or studying it. The DICE model that he developed — together with his dozens of articles, worldwide lectures, and numerous books — paved the way for a vast body of research which continues to frame the ongoing debate on how best to address the threat of climate change.
在此过程中，诺德豪斯为学术界和国家服务：担任科学期刊编辑、国会预算办公室经济专家小组成员、经济分析局咨询委员会首任主席、波士顿联邦储备银行董事会主席，以及总统经济顾问委员会成员。他是美国国家科学院院士，也是美国经济协会杰出会士和会长。
Along the way, Nordhaus served his field and the nation: as an editor of scientific journals, a member of the Congressional Budget Office Panel of Economic Experts, the first chairman of the Advisory Committee for the Bureau of Economic Analysis, a chairman of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, and as a member of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a distinguished fellow and president of the American Economic Association.
在他的非凡成就中，不容忽视的是他共同编写了多版教科书《经济学》。该教科书由经济学家保罗·萨缪尔森首次出版于1948年，萨缪尔森是首位获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国人，该书至今仍是全美经济学原理课程的标杆教材。诺德豪斯于1985年成为合著者，并在萨缪尔森2009年去世后继续担任主要作者，负责修订和更新，一直维护到最近的第19版。近年来，他通过“灯塔图书”开展一个项目，旨在让一部经济学教科书免费供所有学习者使用。
Not to be ignored among his extraordinary accomplishments is his co-authorship of multiple edits of the textbook “Economics.”The textbook, first published in 1948 by economist Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in economics, remains the standard-bearer for the principles of economics courses nationwide. Nordhaus became co-author in 1985 and continued as the primary author, revising and updating it after Samuelson’s 2009 death, and maintaining it through its most recent 19th edition. In recent years he was working on a project through Lighthouse Books to make an economics textbook freely available to all learners.
威廉·诺德豪斯出生于新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基，其家族因众多公共贡献而声望显赫。他的父亲毕业于耶鲁学院和耶鲁法学院，将其律师事务所打造成为全美最著名的印第安法律倡导者之一，专注于代表美洲印第安部落、部落公司和美洲原住民组织；1984年，该事务所为哈卡里亚阿帕奇族赢得了一起里程碑式的水权案件。他还开创了新墨西哥州桑迪亚山脉的滑雪运动，并创办了后来成为桑迪亚峰滑雪区的滑雪场，位于锡博拉国家森林内。小诺德豪斯一生都保持着滑雪爱好。
William Nordhaus was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where his family gained prominence for its many civic contributions. His father, a Yale College and Yale Law School graduate, made his law firm one of the nation’s most prominent advocates of Indian law, focusing on the representation of American Indian tribes, tribal corporations, and Native American organizations; in 1984 his firm won a landmark water case for the Jicarilla Apache Nation. He also pioneered skiing in New Mexico’s Sandia Mountains and founded what became the Sandia Peak Ski Area, located in the Cibola National Forest. The younger Nordhaus remained a skier all his life.
诺德豪斯于1959年作为本科生进入耶鲁大学，他称这一事件是“我一生中最大的意外之财”；他形容耶鲁是“迈向抽象理性时代的心灵天堂”。他修读了“导向研究”项目（DS），这是一个面向一年级学生的强化课程，由文森特·斯卡利、伦纳德·克里格、维克多·布朗伯格和理查德·伯恩斯坦等教授授课。诺德豪斯后来表示，这些学者兼教师“是他未来学术生涯的榜样”。
Nordhaus arrived at Yale as an undergraduate in 1959, an event that he called “one of the great windfalls of my life”; he described Yale as a “paradise for minds coming to the age of abstract reason.”He took Directed Studies (DS), an intensive program for first-year students, and was taught by professors Vincent Scully, Leonard Krieger, Victor Brombert, and Richard Bernstein. These scholar-teachers, Nordhaus would say, “were role models for his future academic life.”
随后，他前往麻省理工学院攻读研究生，那里在他看来也是一种天堂——他称之为“阿卡迪亚”。在那里，他师从诺贝尔奖得主保罗·萨缪尔森和罗伯特·索洛，同班同学中有许多年轻经济学家，后来也成为了各自那一代的领军人物。
He went on to graduate school at MIT, another place he thought of as a kind of paradise – he called it “Arcadia.”He was mentored there by Nobel laureates Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, and his class was filled with young economists who would also become leaders of their generation.
研究生毕业后，诺德豪斯被聘为耶鲁大学助理教授，从一开始就参与大学事务。他绝非一位闭门造车的学者，而是其所在系和校园内的重要人物，既教授本科生也指导研究生，并定期出席康涅狄格楼的教职员工会议。2015年文理学院教职参议院成立时，他是首批成员之一，后来还担任了主席。
Hired as an assistant professor at Yale right after completing graduate school, Nordhaus from the start on was involved in university affairs. The opposite of an insular scholar, he was an important figure in his department and on campus, teaching undergraduates as well as graduate students and appearing regularly at Connecticut Hall faculty meetings. When a Faculty of Arts and Sciences faculty senate was established, in 2015, he was one of its inaugural members and later its chair.
作为一名经济学家和大学公民，比尔·诺德豪斯以严谨和明确的目的追求真理。
As an economist and as a university citizen, Bill Nordhaus pursued the truth with rigor and purpose.
在1986年至1988年担任大学校务长的两年间，以及后来在1992至1993年代理财务与行政副校长期间，他帮助耶鲁度过了财务动荡和结构性重组时期，重点在于平衡大学预算并实施长期财务建模。2014年，他协助设计了耶鲁的内部碳收费体系——使耶鲁成为最早尝试在自身校园内测试碳定价制度机制的主要大学之一。
In his two years as university provost, between 1986 and 1988, and later filling in as vice president for finance and administration in 1992-1993, he helped guide Yale through periods of financial volatility and structural reorganization, focusing on balancing the university budget and implementing long-term financial modeling. In 2014 he helped architect Yale’s internal carbon charge system — making Yale one of the first major universities to test institutional mechanisms for carbon pricing on its own campus.
“比尔作为同事和朋友，给我们带来了极大的喜悦，”亚瑟·奥昆经济学荣誉教授、已退休的威廉·布雷纳德说道，他与诺德豪斯相识相交六十年，是其亲密的同事和朋友。“他对一切事物都充满好奇，深化了我们对他所涉及领域的认识，从气候变化、商业周期到计算自1701年至今耶鲁学费的现值。”多年来，诺德豪斯是众多大学领袖信赖的顾问，撰写了大量机构研究和报告。
“Bill was a great joy to have as a colleague and friend,” said William Brainard, Arthur Okun Professor of Economics, Emeritus, and Nordhaus’ close colleague and friend for 60 years. “He was curious about everything, deepening our understanding of everything he touched, from climate change and the business cycle to calculating the present value of Yale tuition from 1701 to the present.”Over the years, Nordhaus was a trusted counselor to many university leaders and authored numerous institutional studies and reports.
他与比尔·布雷纳德（亦为前教务长）在校园内被亲切地称为“The Bills”。当人们想在争议议题上增强立场时，可能会引用“The Bills”，因为他们的意见作为耶鲁遗产的深思熟虑、审慎的守护者，具有重要分量。
He and Bill Brainard, also a former provost, were affectionately known familiarly around campus as “The Bills.”When people wanted to strengthen their position on a contested issue, they might invoke “The Bills,” knowing the weight that their opinions carried as thoughtful, careful stewards of Yale’s legacy.
诺德豪斯是彻底的耶鲁人：本科生、校友、教师、学者、行政官员，他的贡献体现了大学所代表的最高价值。他一直热爱并敬佩自己的耶鲁老师们，这种影响在他自己的耶鲁人生中表现得淋漓尽致。
Nordhaus was a Yalie through and through: undergraduate, alumnus, faculty member, teacher, scholar, administrator, who in his contributions represented the best of what a university stands for. He had always loved and admired his Yale teachers. Their influence was evident in how he lived his own Yale life.
多年来，他教授一门大型宏观经济学入门讲座课程。一张标志性的照片（见下）记录了该课程的学生在他于2018年10月获诺贝尔奖当天，向诺德豪斯献花的情景。
For years, he taught a large introductory lecture course in macroeconomics. An iconic photo (below) captured students from that class presenting Nordhaus with flowers on the day he won the Nobel Prize in October 2018.
“作为一名经济学家和一名大学公民，比尔·诺德豪斯以严谨和使命感追求真理，”荣休校长理查德·莱文说，他是诺德豪斯的学生、朋友和50多年的同事。“他对耶鲁的奉献与他对理解气候变化经济学的不懈努力是同一枚硬币的两面。他想完善他所热爱的这个机构，也想让人类免遭不受控制的全球变暖本可避免的伤害。”
“As an economist and as a university citizen, Bill Nordhaus pursued the truth with rigor and purpose,” said President Emeritus Richard Levin, Nordhaus’s student, friend, and colleague for over 50 years. “His devotion to Yale and his determined effort to understand the economics of climate change were two sides of the same coin. He wanted to perfect the institution he loved, and he wanted to spare humanity the avoidable harm of uncontrolled global warming.”
诺德豪斯的遗属包括妻子芭芭拉——她毕业于西新英格兰精神分析研究所，是一名执业精神分析师，并曾多年担任耶鲁儿童研究中心的临床助理教授；三个孩子杰夫、莫妮卡（91届）和丽贝卡（95届，丈夫威廉·柯里）；以及三个孙辈安娜贝尔、玛戈和亚历山德拉。葬礼安排不对外公开，追悼会将于日后举行。
Nordhaus is survived by his wife, Barbara, a graduate of the Western New England Institute for Psychoanalysis, a practicing psychoanalyst, and an assistant clinical professor at the Yale Child Study Center for many years; three children, Jeff, Monica ’91, and Rebecca ’95 (William Curry); and three grandchildren, Annabel, Margot, and Alexandra. Funeral arrangements are private and a memorial service will be held in the future.